Elizabeth Cady Stanton Women s Rights - 978 Words

During the late 1830s through the late 1870s women had little to no rights when it came to certain situations. Some women Such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Catherine Beecher and Mary Livermore all had their different opinions on women rights. Elizabeth Cady Stanton who was a woman activist believed that when it comes to marriage a woman should have the same equal opportunities as a man. Catherine Beecher a prominent writer believed that women should have no rights when it comes to abolition societies. Beecher believed that heaven had designated man â€Å"the Superior† and women â€Å"the subordinate† and that the purpose of life was for men to have the power to protect the women. Mary Livermore a former worker in the civil war always believed women should have the same rights as men. Now that the civil war is over she reflects on how society has changed when it comes to women rights. In the early 1870s â€Å"Women demanded that the boundaries of America democracy be expa nded to include them as well† . Elizabeth Cady Stanton wanted the idea of equality to be extended into women’s private home life with their family. She wanted the control that men had over their wives to end. Men were already upset that women had equality in the state and the church, they were not ready to recognize equality in the home. Because men were always taught to have higher authority, they believed that they hold the power under any system. Giving women freedom in the household would make them feel less in control.Show MoreRelatedElizabeth Cady Stanton : Women s Rights1922 Words   |  8 Pages Abstract Elizabeth Cady Stanton forever changed the social and political landscape of the United States of America by succeeding in her work to guarantee rights for women and slaves. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a leader in the 19th century for women’s activist and women’s suffrage leader. As an active American abolitionist, she gave many lectures and wrote books. Among those fighting for women’s rights, she was a primary leader. Though she was interested in women’s rights from many perspectivesRead MoreWomen s Rights By Elizabeth Cady Stanton1015 Words   |  5 PagesWomen in the 1920’s were expected to keep out of the public eye.  They were not allowed to vote, or serve on juries. Legally, they were supposed to be subordinated.   Women did not have the same rights as men pertaining to their political involvement. Because of this unfair inequality towards them, women decided to take a stance. In 1848 the movement for women’s rights was organize on a worldwide status. In July, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott created the first women’s rights convention inRead MoreElizabeth Cady Stanton : A Radical For Women s Rights1105 Words   |  5 PagesLois W. Banner is the author of Elizabeth Cady Stanton: A Radical for Women s Rights. She is also the author of many other books based on women, such as Women in Modern America: A Brief History. Banner wrote this book in order to showcase to the world all of the situatuions that Elizabeth Cady Stanton faced and overcame. This very informative novel shows how Stanton has had doors opened for the population of women. She received her PhD at Columbia University. As a history professor at the UniversityRead MoreElizabeth Cady Stanton : Women s Rights888 Words   |  4 PagesElizabeth Cady Stanton was a woman that can be best described under a countless amount of titles. She was a women’s rights activist, feminist, editor, writer, abolitionist, and the list continues. Living in a world in which women were made to feel inferior, Stanton utilized this oppression as a catalyst for permeating into male â€Å"territory†. Fortunately for her, particular opportunities came about naturally, being that she was raised in a privileged household. Her parents were of high respect in theirRead MoreElizabeth Cady Stanton: Fighting for Womens Rights Essay986 Words   |  4 PagesElizabeth Cady Stanton Elizabeth Cady Stanton didn’t want to be remembered as a household but the women they will admire. The purpose of this paper is to explain the life of Elizabeth Stanton and how she had a huge effect on the outcome of seeking equal rights for woman. Early Childhood First of all, the most famous influential feminist lead was known when she was a child. Elizabeth was born in November 12, 1815 in Johnstown, NY (Elizabeth Cady Stanton Biography). Her father was a judge andRead MoreEssay on Elizabeth Cady Stantons Fight for Equality 1252 Words   |  6 PagesElizabeth Cady Stanton was not just a mother, daughter, feminist, and writer; but she is the woman who changed the lives of women everywhere by fighting for equality. Stanton lived a normal childhood, but one that motivated her to never give up hope in reaching her goal. A quick background of her life will help better understand why she became such a powerful woman’s rights activist. Also, what she accomplished that changed history and how it still affects us today in 2011. I will also express myRead MoreElizabeth Cady Stanton : America s First Feminist1222 Words   |  5 Pages Elizabeth Cady Stanton: America’s First Feminist Feminism. The word, depending on the person, could leave a sweet or sour taste. It means, simply, â€Å"The advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men†(oxforddictionaries.com). But the connotation varies, from the aggressive to the convincing. When the eight-letter word pops into someone s brain, they might picture powerful modern and inspiring figures, like Malala Yousafzai, the youngest person, maleRead MoreElizabeth Cady Stantons Heroic Qualities737 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction- background on mid-late 1800’s and the Civil Rights Movement. Define what it would take to be a hero during that time period. (Thesis) Elizabeth Cady Stanton demonstrated how she was a hero through her passion for women’s rights, her courage to stand up for what she believed, and her ability to overcome the discrimination that she faced all her life. Elizabeth Cady Stanton showed heroism through her strong passion for women’s rights. All throughout her life, Stanton’s actions showedRead MoreWomen s Degradation By Elizabeth Cady Stanton928 Words   |  4 Pagessexual rights. Our religion, laws and customs are all founded on the belief that woman was made for man† (Stanton) Believed to be one of the greatest and most influential feminists of not only her generation, but of all time, Elizabeth Cady Stanton paved the way for women and their rights in a time when they had none. Elizabeth, was one of the first feminist theorists in America and through her beliefs that women deserve equality and equal rights, she paved the way for the future of women and herRead More`` The Best Protection Any Woman Can Have Courage Essay1669 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The best protection any woman can have is courage† -Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The antebellum period was of rapid technological change and westward expansion. This time rose a belief of Manifest Destiny and the rise of abolitionism. The antebellum period brought out great change to the nation ;however, the greatest change was the change of social attitudes toward the women in this time period. Women started slowly emerging out of their traditional roles in a fight to eventually be seen as an equal

HR Policy Manual Research Paper - 2584 Words

Human Resources Policy Research Paper Liberty University Rebecca Craighead Abstract All companies must develop, identify, and utilize appropriate human resource policies. These policies are a vital part of running any business. However, it is imperative that each company understands that their human resource functions must be created to meet the unique needs of that company and therefore cannot be lumped together into one tactic. Each company is different based on their size and the nature of their business which requires applicable human resource tactics based on the needs of each individual company. This paper is written to discuss the important aspects of a human resource policy for a small business of 15 to 20 employees.†¦show more content†¦(Richards, 2014) These processes also offer a more cost friendly option because it will result in reduced costs in the area of turnover, new employee recruitment, candidate selection, employee hiring, and productivity procedures. (Gà ³mez-Mejà ­a, Balkin, Cardy, 2012) Even after the selection and hirin g of staff members, the company still must ensure appropriate action is taken when it comes to employee transfers, promotions and maintaining secure and confidential records of such procedures. Human resource records, also known as personnel files, are a great tool to have when ensuring appropriate transfer and promotions decisions are being made. Personnel records should be made for every employee in order to store information such as performance evaluations, pay changes, disciplinary actions and trainings. (Gà ³mez-Mejà ­a, Balkin, Cardy, 2012) Employee processes help to create a strong workforce, improve performance, and reduce expenses which makes these processes a very important part of human resource policy because they necessitate compliance with both employment laws and regulations. When human resource laws are violated by a company, the organization can incur serious financial liabilities as well as issues with public relations both of which negatively impact the company . (Gà ³mez-Mejà ­a, Balkin, Cardy, 2012)Show MoreRelatedâ€Å"a Proposed Human Resource Information System Solution for the Agricultural Development Bank†.1235 Words   |  5 PagesInformation System Solution for the Agricultural Development Bank†. Executive Summary There are approximately 110 employees at the Bank. At present there are few formal Human Resource policies and procedures in place. Management is looking for a solution that can handle at least the following day to day HR functions: ï  ® Time Keeping ï  ® Vacation ï  ® Holidays ï  ® Leaves for sickness and other reasons ï  ® Evaluation and Performance appraisals ï  ® Recruitment In addition, the following featuresRead MoreCase Study Analysis Comm/2151460 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study Analysis for ABC, Inc. COMM/215 UOP January 9, 2012 Korijna Valenti Introduction During my reach into the hiring issues at ABC Inc., it was found necessary to research and read more in today’s hiring process with the current job market. The following is an introduction of one specific company that recently requested a case study of a current internal hiring process that took place or did not take place. In this situation, a new campus recruiter was expecting to bring on 15 newRead MoreExploring A Career On Human Resources1379 Words   |  6 Pagesinvestigation paper, I interviewed a Human Resources Manager (HRM) named Stephanie Russo. Growing up, I always knew I wanted a career in business but had no idea which aspect I wanted to focus on. I began my studies at San Jose State University as an International Business Major then declared Business Management. After taking several human resource (HR) classes, I discovered that I liked the well-defined functions and task of the HR department. With no ambiguity, everything had an order, a policy and a procedur eRead MoreYeast Lab Report1416 Words   |  6 Pagessections of the report must be written in paragraph form. 2. Do not use encyclopedias (Internet or otherwise), dictionaries ((Internet or otherwise), or personal web pages as sources for the report, this includes Wikipedia. You may use a textbook, lab manual, and/or article(s) in a published journal. You can find journal articles by going to the library website: http://www.lib.clemson.edu/ and selecting â€Å"Find Articles†, then choose the letter B, and then the database BIOSIS or BioOne, or choose the letterRead MoreThe Insurance Provider984 Words   |  4 Pagesfill in the admission sector will be effective in ten working days. The HR department will create the position and advertise it internally and externally, and ensure the position is filled within the next ten working days. The legal department, the HR, the CFO, and the doctors will discuss the optimal period to fill in the charts at the end of today. The HR department will have two working days to develop the regulation policy and avail it to the doctors (Adam Rachman-moore, 2004). The businessRead More Business Plan for New Airline Essay1657 Words   |  7 Pagesin order to create a profitable and safe environment. Start up requirements: - Obtain business licenses/permits - Airport Minimum Standards - FAR 47 - Aircraft Registration - FAR 135 - Air Taxi Operators/ Commercial Operators - Manual Requirements - Manual contents - FAR 145 - Repair Station Certification - FAR 157 - Notice of Construction on Airport Operational Requirements: - FAR 43 - Maintenance, preventive maintenance, rebuilding, and alteration - FAR 61 - Certification: PilotsRead MoreCase Study - New Hire Mismanagement Essay1523 Words   |  7 PagesInc., there were specific tasks and expectations that go along with the job title. The specific tasks were explained however, due to the improper planning and poor execution, the individual failed to deliver what was outlined in the job title. This paper will explain the failures due to improper planning, lack of experience and poor time management skills. Furthermore, areas that will be outlined from this case study will include various detailed causes as well as; different solutions to strengthenRead MoreRole of Human Resource Information System in Banking Industry of Developing Countries2276 Words   |  10 PagesHuman Resource (HR) objectives. HRIS is applied in personnel administration, salary administration, leave/absence recording, skill inventory, medical history, performance appraisal, training and development, HR planning, recruitment, career planning, negotiations etc. In developing countries, the banking industry has gone from a basic process to convert manual information keeping systems into computerized systems. HRIS has become a vital tool to IT enable HR processes. In this paper, the role of HRISRead More Human Resources and Organizational Strategy Essay2379 Words   |  10 Pagesand external environmental factors, more efficient strategies can be quickly implemented. The focus of this literature review is specifically on one of these mentioned variables. The paper will detail the relationship that Human Resources (HR) practices have with an organization’s strategic goals and vision. HR is defined by the Society for Human Resource Management as, â€Å"The function dealing with the management of people employed within the organization.† (SHRM, 2011). The primary functionsRead MoreUps : Success At Who s Expense Essay2096 Words   |  9 Pagesthe turnover rate for part-time and full-time union employees was at 150% (Bronfenbrenner, 1997). There are human resource issues that are impacting the company on a global level. These issues range from change management, leadership development, HR effectiveness measurement, organizational effectiveness, compensation, staffing: recruitment and availability of skilled local labor, succession planning, learning and development, staffing: retention, and benefits costs: health welfare (University

Violence and Media

Question: Describe and evaluate research into the effects of watching media violence on children. Answer: Introduction: The term violence is not new to the society or the human race, it always has been an increasing and fast enhancing problem which has been a big hurdle in the path of growth for the human beings living in the modern society. With increasing access to the explosives and the firearms, the efficiency and the scope with regard to the violent behavior certainly have brought out many of the harsh as well as unexpected results and consequences (Krcmar and Kean, 2005). Since, year 1960s, it is researched and evident that the exposure of the violence in the movies, television, cell phones, video games, and which has been shown at the internet sites enhances the risk of some acute violent behaviour, which in actual is filled with violence enhances the risk of all of them to behave violently (Scharrer, 2006). Refer the present review of the research evidence in concern it is critically assessed, plus the theory which involves the psychology explains the reason as to why the exposure to the world ly violence has detrimental the serious and true effects for and on both of the longer as well as the short runs is elaborated. Thus, the basic size refers the media violence effect is carefully and is compared with the other kinds of famous and well-known dangers and threats to the present society (Scharrer, 2006). Major Effect of viewing violence in media: Effects on the behaviour : Many of the early research on the effects of viewing of the violence refer the telecast on the on television which especially is concerned and is among the children has found a comprehensive and very desensitizing effect plus the potential for the cause and result of the aggression. During the year 1982, (Savage, 2004) the National Institute of the ill and the Mental Health certification, found these major outcomes and vital effects of notifying the seeing the violence on TV: The Kids may as compared to others become much less sensitive refer the sufferings and the pain of other people. The kids may also be much more fearful refer the world which exists around them. The kids may be much more expected and likely to come out with a behaviour in the aggressive or the harmful manner toward all others people (O'Keeffe and Clarke-Pearson, 2011). The significant researches, it has been found that the kids who continuously come in front of acts of violence practically are used to watch such kinds of activities for long hours on TV tend to get attracted to such negative facts much more easily in comparison to the other kids of the society. They also tend to show much more expected acts of such kind when they turn to be adults. Such kinds of nature which they develop in themselves turn them to become a danger to the society and to their own families as well (Krcmar and Kean, 2005).They become use to the criminal acts and also their minds gets destructed and they least care about the results of suck kinds of acts. The fact is also very interesting that, being very aggressive in the childhood do not in actual sense predict the watching of more of the violent TV as an adult, which also suggests that the Television watching can also be one of the main cause rather than being considered a consequence of the matters of the aggressive behavior. Thus, the significant researchers by some of the most famous psychologists such as the Brad Bushman and the Douglas Gentile has given their views that the exposure of such kinds of kids to the media violence is merely one among all of the several factors which may also contribute to the matters which results for the behaviors which are aggressive (Savage, 2004). While some have the view that such a kind of the exposure to the violence which is shown at the TV can desensitize the human beings to violence in the actual world and also some of the people who continuously watch the violence tends to start enjoying it after a stage plus no kind of humanity is left in their hearts as a result of so. The Impact of Media Violence on Children and Adolescents: Available research literature has been very compelling that the exposure of the kids to such a kind of media violence certainly plays a vital role in the etiology of the violent nature and behavior. At times, this has been a real task so as to determine that children who have been since long witnessing, watching or experiencing media concerning violence are undoubtedly at the much greatest state of risk (O'Keeffe and Clarke-Pearson, 2011). In such conditions, there appears to be a comparatively much stronger bonding or the correlation between the TV violence and also the aggressive behavior and that too within the vulnerable "at risk" stage of the adultery. Some of the learned researchers have clearly demonstrated that the kids get attracted to wrong doing which they watch on TV very soon as they get attracted and also tend to perform such similar acts in their actual lives as well. Before the adolescent age of just 4, the kids are very much innocent and are not capable to make a difference between the good and the bad, in such an age they may watch such violent activities and may also not get attracted to it or may also not try to opt them in their lively hoods but after they cross the age of 4, they ae well able to distinguish between everything, and thus prompt care is required to be given at this stage (Savage, 2004). Most of the Heroes are shown as violent, and also they are rewarded for the violent nature at the end of the commercials and the movies, but in reality, such things also divert the minds of the kids to do some things which are required to be done only by experts and or under the expertise presence. Weapons carrying, cl imbing the straight walls, killing the enemies with weapons excites the kids and they also try to do such activities which may at some stages bring about any kind of bodily harm to themselves or the others (Zhang, Xiong and Tian, 2013). Kids often lose their innocence after they see all these kinds of explosive stuff, as the scenes thrill them and excites them to be also of such a kind. Conclusion: Thus the influence of media refers the psychosocial improvement or the development of the kids is a profound (Scharrer, 2006). So, it is vital for the physicians to carefully discuss with their seniors or parents, for the kids exposure to local media and also to give proper guidance on the appropriate viewing of the media. The (AAP) which stands for the American Academy of Pediatrics states and suggests that the physicians discuss openly with the parents of the concerned kids all about the extent and the nature of the viewing of programmes by the kids on the TV sets at their homes (Savage, 2004). Guardians are strictly required to definitely limit the viewing of the TV of the kids to a just maximum of 1-2 hours each day and the programmes which are seen are also required to be monitored carefully so that no wrong thought makes a home in their minds at all. Overall growth of the kids is very much dependent upon the fact which they see on the media channels and thus this is a serious matter and requires concern of the parents, teachers and other guardians of the kids. References Gentile, D., Saleem, M. and Anderson, C. (2007). Public Policy and the Effects of Media Violence on Children.Social Issues and Policy Review, 1(1), pp.15-61. Scharrer, E. (2006). "I Noticed More Violence:" The Effects of a Media Literacy Program on Critical Attitudes Toward Media Violence.Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 21(1), pp.69-86. Krcmar, M., and Kean, L. (2005). Uses and Gratifications of Media Violence: Personality Correlates of Viewing and Liking Violent Genres.Media Psychology, 7(4), pp.399-420. O'Keeffe, G., and Clarke-Pearson, K. (2011). The Impact of Social Media on Children, Adolescents, and Families.PEDIATRICS, 127(4), pp.800-804. Savage, J. (2004). Does viewing violent media really cause criminal violence? A methodological review.Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10(1), pp.99-128. Zhang, Q., Xiong, D. and Tian, J. (2013). Impact of media violence on aggressive attitude for adolescents.Health, 05(12), pp.2156-2161.

International Business Country Analysis China Essay Example

International Business Country Analysis: China Essay At 9.6 million square kilometers, China is one of the biggest countries in the world. It contains the worlds biggest city, Shanghai, and is ruled from the capital of Beijing in the east. China has been the worlds most populous country for centuries and it makes up one-fifth of the worlds total population. Over 1.3 billion people live in China, which makes every five people in the world Chinese. China is the scene of the most extraordinary economic, social and political transformation of our time. However, it is a nation that continues to struggle with its enormous population, a strained environment, and an unequal distribution of wealth and opportunity. This paper will cover in-depth areas that explains the reasons for Chinas low fertility rate and how this ensures rapid population aging in this century, how open markets and trade have widen income and health gaps, and how policy changes and economic growth have spurred labor migration in China and how its attracted the worlds attent ion. Background and Cultural Environment Though there is a misconception that China and its 1.3 billion people have a common culture, China is one of the most diverse countries in the world. Chinas rich cultural environment is important for foreign companies to understand and take into account to ensure profitable business in China. In China and many other countries, culture plays a large role in how business is carried out with domestic or foreign companies. Whether it is the many dialects that the Chinese people speak or the proper etiquette to use with Chinese businessmen and women, foreign companies are challenged to briefly assimilate as a Chinese company of their own. We will write a custom essay sample on International Business Country Analysis: China specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on International Business Country Analysis: China specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on International Business Country Analysis: China specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By far the largest cultural obstacle for foreign businesses to hurdle is the Chinese language and its many dialects. The Chinese people speak seven different dialects across twenty-three provinces, five autonomous regions, and four municipalities. Mandarin is the predominant dialect of the Chinese people and is spoken by over seventy percent of the population. Mandarin itself has eight different dialects of its own, spread across the regions of China. It is no wonder why many companies strive for employees fluent in Chinese dialect, especially Mandarin. China is also very rich in nationalities amongst its people. The Han people account for 91.9% of the population, while the other 8.1% account for fifty-five other nationalities. Businesses must understand the vital differences among the Chinese people to prosper from Chinas growing economy. Cultural differences between the Chinese and the rest of the world are even more present in the behaviors of the Chinese people. For example: it is common practice for gift-giving among business partners, but in China a clock should never be given because clocks represent death in Chinese culture. Also, being on time and having appointments are some other important facts that foreign companies must know about. There are numerous behaviors and communication practices that businesses must study in order to prosper in China. Having the knowledge and skills to smoothly execute foreign business will guarantee continued partnerships with Chinas emerging markets. Chinas Politics, Economic and Legal Environment, and Geography China has come a long way to be the world power that it is today. It is the worlds third largest country and certainly the most populous. The land is very diverse consisting of rainforests, mountains, valleys and plateaus and similarly has very different climates. The country borders fourteen other countries and is split into different regions. (Geography of China) Now known as the Peoples Republic of China, the countrys legal makeup is rooted in ancient culture and beliefs dating back to Confucian teachings, (Legal History of China). Confucius teachings stated, man was by nature evil and had to be controlled by strict rules of law and uniform justice, (Legal History of China). Chinese law now has developed in part due to the globalization of markets and the growing economy. Laws have been created to enforce rules and regulations as well as protecting Chinas industries. (Legal History of China). Doing business in China is much different than doing business in the United States or other western countries. When meeting with Chinese businessmen it is important to remember that their culture is much different than ours. In China the business matter comes second to the person. To the Chinese businessman taking the time to form lasting relationships is crucial. The relationships potentially could outlive the business. Having relationships in another country also helps the American businessperson to network. Another difference is the way they value time. Here it seems that we hold getting the job done to be the first priority. They are far more liberal in their time management, and the time it takes to do business is irrelevant. It is important to know the ins and outs of your business before doing business in China. They are sure to study your business before you arrive, and you must do the same. Having knowledge and looking into their business practices and the role they have in the community is a must before sitting down with them. Your partner must also have the same level of knowledge; if they appear weak to the Chinese chances are that that would signify the end of any business endeavor. To make meetings run smoothly it is recommended that all materials be translated into both Chinese and English. If you choose to have an interpreter, present him/her with the materials prior to meeting with the Chinese company. (Chinese Etiquette) The Chinese economy has changed greatly from the complete communist control in the 1950s. Chinas economys progress is due in part to their Five Year Plans which are a series of economic planning and goal setting characteristic of communist governments. (China and the First Five Year Plan). Whereas the government controlled all aspects of the economy before the country has moved into a new period that has been called a socialist market economy categorized by focusing on modernization and improving the quality of life throughout China, (Economy). The rapid growth of the countrys economy has lead to it becoming a major world economic power. However, this growth has come with many problems the country now faces. Due to the overwhelming population and its aging population the country is still relatively poor when it come to per capita terms, (Chinas Economy). Although rapidly growing the country has presented the country with challenges that China must face if it wants to have the worlds largest economy, (CIA World). China must find a way to gain new entrants to the work force and correct for the environmental damage that the rapid growth has caused. Prospect as a Trading Partner, Government Policies for International Trade, Direction and Terms of Trade, And Foreign Direct Investment for China China would be a great prospect for a trading partner. With the numerous trading opportunities, a potential trading partner will surely profit. Chinas economic reforms have introduced the economy to international trade and investments. As noted in an article in the International Monetary Fund, Chinas increasing integration with the global economy has contributed to sustained growth in international trade. Now, it is one of the fastest growing economies in the world! China is the United States third largest trader and is one of the largest Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) recipients. According to an article from The China Business Review, the United States exports to China have hit a new high. It has been said that during the last seven years, exports to China have surged dramatically, topping $65 billion last year (2007). You may notice that the store shelves in the United States are overflowing with products that are made by the Chinese. As stated earlier, China is the United States third largest trader. This is because of many reasons. First, the trade liberalization that followed Chinas entry into the WTO (World Trade Organization) was a key attribute. Another significant motive is that Chinas currency, which is called the renminbi, has appreciated about 20% against the US dollar since the year of 2005. That makes U.S. exports cheaper for importers and consumers. China continues to grow rapidly. Their imports and exports have grown faster than world trade for over twenty years. Chinas share of exports to industrial economies has increased and has become more diversified. They have become very important to regional economies because of their exports. Chinas diversification has caused them to become very important within the Asian economy. As a result, Chinas international trade has inflated progressively since the opening of the economy in 1979. Diversification has enhanced Chinas exporting. In the early 1990s, products such as footwear, clothing, and toys accounted for more than 40% of their exports. Today, most of their exports include electronics such as office machines and automated data processing equipment, telecommunications and sound equipment, electrical machinery, furniture, travel goods, and industrial supplies. Just as Chinas exporting is vital, their importing is crucial as well. Chinas trade has developed rapidly with imports from almost all trading partners. They are the third largest importer of developing country exports after the United States and the European Union. As a significant step toward normalizing its trade relations, China has been permanently granted most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment by other World Trade Organization members. As of result, many trading partners have eliminated many of their restrictions on imports from China. Chinas economic reforms have been instrumental in significantly reducing its barriers to trade and foreign investment. They are the largest livestock producer in the world and its energy use and reliance has increased swiftly in recent years. They have a governmental policy on international trade with the United States. The Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade (JCCT) was established in 1983 as a forum for high-level dialogue on bilateral trade issues (www.exports.ga.gov/china). In 1994, the United States and China governments strengthened the JCCT by establishing working groups covering trade and investment issues, business development, and commercial law. After the December 2003 meeting with President Bush and Premier Wen, the two agreed the Commission would be co-chaired on the United States side by the Secretary of Commerce and the U.S. Trade Representative. It would be co-chaired on the Chinese side by the Vice Premier that is responsible for foreign trade. According to the sta tistics and research, China is becoming the new America. China is booming in the areas of importing and exporting; therefore, their country would be a great potential trading partner. Cross-national Cooperation and Agreements, Regional Trading Blocks, and FTAs The Peoples Republic of China has many trade agreements, mainly with other Asian countries. These include bilateral agreements with Pakistan, Thailand, New Zealand and the countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations or ASEAN. China also has trade agreements with South American countries Peru and Chile. In addition to these bilateral trade agreements, China has two CEPA, Closer Economic Partnership Agreements, with former independent colonies Macau and Hong Kong and several less formalized trade agreements with European countries and the United States. Chinas trade agreement with Pakistan began in 2006 and is expected to triple the amount of trade between the two countries to 15 billion US dollars. China will reduce tariffs on livestock, aquatic products, vegetables, mineral products and textiles, while Pakistan will reduce tariffs on cattle, lamb, chemicals and machinery products with the goal of reducing the tariffs by 85% in the first five years and making 36% or the products tariff free within three years with the aim of eventually making 90% of the products tariff free. In 2003 China signed a Free Trade Agreement with Thailand. This FTA covered fruits and vegetables and is expected to reduce tariffs to zero on over 200 fruits and vegetables. Bilateral trade in produce has exceeded 5 billion US dollars in recent years. The Free Trade Agreement between New Zealand and China was signed in April of 2008 making New Zealand the first developed country to negotiate a free trade agreement with China. Products exported from New Zealand include dairy, wool, fish, minerals, scrap metal and some fruits. Products exported from China include carpet, clothing, footwear, textile products, steel, plastics and furniture. Its estimated that this will save 115.5 million US dollars in tariffs. The ASEAN plus three trade agreement is expected to be completed by 2010. Once completed, it will encompass 1.8 billion people in the countries of China, Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. It will be the third largest trade group in the world behind the European Union and North American Free Trade Area. China has two Special Administrative Regions, Hong Kong and Macau. These regions are governed by China but these SARs have more autonomy then the rest of the country. China has entered into CEPAs with both regions. These CEPAs reduce tariffs on goods exported to China, offer the SARs preferred opening to the Chinese market and facilitate the bilateral exchanges of goods and capital. The European Union sees bilateral trade with China as something of a mixed bag. For many countries, the opportunity to export their products to a market of billions has been a blessing but for those whose products must compete with low priced Chinese imports its been a difficult period. While some countries such as the Netherlands and Italy have found trade with China to be prosperous, others have raised questions about Chinese labor practices and a rising tide of Chinese exports to the EU. Overall though, trade between the two EU and China seems to benefit most. China has a large dynamic economy. In the past it sought to insulate itself from the outside world but in recent years has opened its markets to other economies. With billions of potential consumers and a GDP of 9.9% and rising, countries are lining up to develop regional trading blocks and free trade agreements with China. Even Chinas enemy, Taiwan, has signed a trade agreement with them. The future seems bright for China and its trade partners but some in the west think that the trade imbalance that these free trade agreements create will destabilize the economies of many countries around the world. Whatever the case may be, its clear that there will be no shortage of potential trading partners chomping at the bit to get into Chinese markets.

we underestimate one of Google’s most useful tools when it comes to job search Google Alerts. Google Alerts can be extremely helpful for job seekers, and they are free!

we underestimate one of Google’s most useful tools when it comes to job search Google Alerts. Google Alerts can be extremely helpful for job seekers, and they are free! Im grateful to have colleagues who know about things where I do not have particular expertise. Google Alerts is one of those things! Google Alerts are valuable for job seekers and business owners alike. Heres a great guide on how to use them! Guest post by Susan P. Joyce For most of us, Google has become an integral part of our lives. We use it to find the closest gas station, the best cranberry sauce recipe, the correct spelling for antidisestablishmentarianism, and hundreds of other things every day. And yet we underestimate one of Google’s most useful tools when it comes to job search: Google Alerts. Google Alerts can be extremely helpful for job seekers, and they are free! What Are Google Alerts and How Do You Set Them Up? Google Alerts are queries that you design, and that Google runs automatically once you set them up. You receive an email for each alert, with any new content Google has found since the last time it sent you a report. As long as you stay within Google’s 1000-alert limit, you can add, delete, or modify alerts any time you choose. Google offers detailed advice for you on how to set up Google Alerts. Here are some easy basics: Simply go to google.com/alerts, and type in your query and your email address. Once you have entered your query, you can specify the source (web, news, blogs, etc.), language, and region/country. Often, the default settings are fine. If the â€Å"Alert preview† shows you the content you want, enter your email address, click on the â€Å"Create Alert† button, and you are done. Sit back and eagerly await your reports! Benefits of Using Google Alerts in Your Job Search Spending the time and energy to set up Google Alerts carefully will pay off both now and in the future. If you are a job seeker, you can use Alerts to find the best new job and employer for you and keep your online visibility as positive as possible. Google Alerts may help you with key job search activities: Expanding your personal and professional networks. Finding jobs and other professional opportunities. Researching companies to prepare for job interviews. Gathering information about your industry and/or profession. Learn which employers (and people) to avoid. Think you’d remember to run searches on all these topics every day? Think again. Instead, let Google Alerts do the work for you. The Google â€Å"early warning† will help you stay up-to-date and, hopefully, ahead of your competition. To get the benefit of Google Alerts, of course you must actually open and read them on a daily (or at a minimum, weekly) basis. Don’t let this precious information get stale! Google Alerts for Job Search – The Breakdown Here’s how to use Google Alerts for some of your most important job search activities. 1. Monitor your online reputation. The Google results associated with your name, even if it isn’t really you, will likely be seen by your network members, as well as by recruiters and potential employers. You can’t afford not to know what Google is showing when people search on your name! While some say that Googling your own name is â€Å"ego surfing† or â€Å"vanity Googling,† I prefer to call it â€Å"Defensive Googling.† So, set up Google alerts on various forms of your name, particularly the one you use most often professionally. Be on the lookout for something â€Å"bad† – trashy comments in social media, report of a drunk-driving arrest, or any unsavory or unprofessional activity. Then, do your best to distance yourself from that person and situation, including, potentially, sending out a message to recruiters you are working with or your friends in a professional group, carefully explaining that you are not that person. If you want help with researching and managing your online reputation, you might want to check out brandyourself.com. 2. Monitor your target employers. Hopefully, you have a list of specific employers that interest you. You know people who work there, or you are a fan of their products and services, or they are the largest employer in the area. Set up a Google Alert based on each company name. Add additional employers as you find good candidates. Pay attention to the names of senior executives brand names of products and services names of major business partners company location †¦and consider adding those names as new alerts. Then, when you receive an alert about a person or company that is relevant or interesting, consider reaching out to someone- for instance, congratulate them on a new award or contract, or ask about the reorganization at their company. 3. Stay up-to-date with your network. Knowing what is happening with old friends and former colleagues can help you strengthen your personal network. Even simple actions, like a short email when a connection receives recognition, becomes a parent, or has some good (or even bad) news, will make a difference. Set up Google Alerts for the favorite names in your network to learn about interesting things happening in their lives. 4. Keep current with your industry or profession. Thinking you have nothing more to learn about your profession can be the beginning of the end for your career, while staying abreast of events and trends in your industry is essential to moving your career forward. So, use Google Alerts to monitor things like emerging technology, major employers, thought leaders, and even national conferences or local professional gatherings. Google Alerts will keep you relevant if you play your cards right! Bottom Line Google has provided us with a very handy tool in Google Alerts. If you’re not using it, you’re missing out on a great resource for your job search. If you’re using Google Alerts already and getting value, or if you start using them after reading this article, please share about your experience! Online job search expert Susan P. Joyce has been observing the online job search world and teaching online job search skills since 1995. Susan is a two-time layoff â€Å"graduate† who has worked in human resources at Harvard University and in a compensation consulting firm. A veteran of the United States Marine Corps and a former Visiting Scholar at the MIT Sloan School of Management, Susan edits and publishes Job-Hunt.org and writes WorkCoachCafe.com. Category:Job SearchBy Brenda BernsteinApril 10, 2017

Definition and Examples of Progymnasmata in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Progymnasmata in Rhetoric The progymnasmata are  handbooks of preliminary rhetorical exercises that introduce students to basic rhetorical concepts and strategies. Also called the  gymnasma. In classical rhetorical training, the progymnasmata were structured so that the student moved from strict imitation to a more artistic melding of the often disparate concerns of speaker, subject, and audience (Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition, 1996). EtymologyFrom the Greek, before exercises The Exercises This list of 14 exercises is drawn from the progymnasmata handbook written by Aphthonius of Antioch, a fourth-century rhetorician. fablenarrativeanecdote (chreia)proverb (maxim)refutationconfirmationcommonplaceencomiuminvectivecomparison (syncrisis)characterization (impersonation or ethopoeia)description (ekphrasis)thesis (theme)defend/attack a law (deliberation) Observations The Enduring Value of the ProgymnasmataThe handbooks of progymnasmata may . . . interest modern teachers of composition, for they present a sequence of assignments in reading, writing, and speaking which gradually increase in difficulty and in maturity of thought from simple story-telling to argumentation, combined with study of literary models. As such, the exercises were certainly effective in providing students for centuries with verbal skills that many students in our time seem less often to develop. Because the exercises were so completely structured, furnishing the student with lists of things to say on many subjects, they are open to the criticism that they tended to indoctrinate students in traditional values and inhibit individual creativity. Only Theon, among writers on progymnasmata, suggests that students might be asked to write about their own experiences- something that did not again become a subject of elementary composition until the romantic period. Nevertheless, it would be unfair to characterize the traditional exercises as inhibiting all criticism of traditional values. Indeed, a major feature of the exercises was stress on learning refutation or rebuttal: how to take a traditional tale, narrative, or thesis and argue against it. If anything, the exercises may have tended to encourage the idea that there was an equal amount to be said on two sides of any issue, a skill practiced at a later stage of education in dialectical debate.(George A. Kennedy, Progymnasmata: Greek Textbooks of Prose Composition and Rhetoric. Brill, 2003) Sequenced ExercisesThe progymnasmata remained popular for so long because they are carefully sequenced: they begin with simple paraphrases . . . and end with sophisticated exercises in deliberative and forensic [also known as judicial] rhetoric. Each successive exercise uses a skill practiced in the preceding one, but each adds some new and more difficult composing task. Ancient teachers were fond of comparing the graded difficulty of the progymnasmata to the exercise used by Milo of Croton to gradually increase his strength: Milo lifted a calf each day. Each day the calf grew heavier, and each day his strength grew. He continued to lift the calf until it became a bull.(S. Crowley and D. Hawhee, Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. Pearson, 2004)The Progymnasmata and the Rhetorical SituationThe progymnasmata progresses from concrete, narrative tasks to abstract, persuasive ones; from addressing the class and teacher to addressing a public audience such as the law court; from developing a single prescribed point of view to examining several and arguing for a self-determined thesis. The elements of a rhetorical situationaudience, speaker, and appropriate languageare included and vary from one exercise to another. Within exercises subordinate topics or topoi are called for, such as exemplification, definition, and comparison. Yet students have freedom to select their subjects, expand them, and assume a role or persona as they see fit.(John Hagaman, Modern Use of the Progymnasmata in Teaching Rhetorical Invention. Rhetoric Review, Fall 1986) Method and ContentThe progymnasmata . . . offered Roman teachers a systematic yet flexible tool for incremental development of student abilities. The young writer/speaker is led step-by-step into increasingly complex compositional tasks, his freedom of expression depending, almost paradoxically, on his ability to follow the form or pattern set by his master. At the same time he absorbs ideas of morality and virtuous public service from the subjects discussed, and from their recommended amplifications on themes of justice, expediency, and the like. By the time he reaches the exercise of Laws, he has long since learned to see both sides of a question. He has also amassed a store of examples, aphorisms, narratives, and historical incidents which he can use later outside the school.(James J. Murphy, Habit in Roman Writing Instruction. A Short History of Writing Instruction: From Ancient Greece to Modern America, ed. by James J. Murphy. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2001)Decline of the Progymnasmata[ W]hen, in the late seventeenth century, training in the three classical genera began to lose relevance and the systematic development of Latin themes through imitation and amplification began to lose favor, the progymnasmata fell into sharp decline. Nonetheless, the training afforded by the progymnasmata has left a strong impression on Western literature and oratory.(Sean Patrick ORourke, Progymnasmata. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition: Communication From Ancient Times to the Information Age, ed. by Theresa Enos. Taylor Francis, 1996) Pronunciation: pro gim NAHS ma ta

What Is Poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What Is Poverty - Essay Example But look at it this way, if America which is considered as one of the wealthiest nations in the world has this problem, how much more in other developing economies? The article might seem like an exaggeration of what poverty is. Yet at the eyes of Africans and Asians, this is just a minute detail of the life they are living. The article defines poverty as being dirty, tired, cold during winter and having insects all over you in summer, asking for other’s people help, remembering how you are treated rudely, and having no access to what the rich call basic necessities. In a way, this definition of poverty encapsulates how it is to be poor in comparison to the rich people around you. The article has been right to point out that poverty devoids people of a chance of being clean since there is no money to buy soap and sometimes even water. Poverty also makes one susceptible to the cold in winter and the insects in the summer. Because of our culture of measuring and accepting an individual based on his social status, the poor also struggles with the lack of social circles and being constrained in their immediate environment. Lastly, it means having to be sick, uneducated and remain poor the rest of your life. It also is giving up your relationships because it burdens you more. This account of poverty from a person in the US is nothing compared to what is experienced in third world countries. In these nations, poverty goes beyond not having a decent home and decent clothing—poverty means having no roof to shield you from the sun and rain and no clothes to cover your body. It also means living in dumpsites and collecting garbage with the hope of finding thrown away food. It is asking for help and desperately stealing to fill your stomach. Yet, in third world countries, poverty and good relationship is much more honored than riches without the people you love. At most instances, poverty

Steroids Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Steroids - Research Paper Example Recently, steroids have been in discussion with the media. In addition, many sports related persons are heard or seen on media charged with the steroid abuse. However, steroids are comprised of several different names for example stackers, pumpers, gym candy, weight trainers, roids, gear, Arnolds (Lau ) and the most popular one is juice (Freedman 64). In recent years steroids are being used in the treatment of many diseases like asthma, lack of proper growth, cancer, osteoporosis and other skin related disease (Freedman 64). They are defined as a â€Å"class of lipids having a particular molecular ring structure called the cyclopentanoperhydro-phenanthrene ring system. Steroids differ from one another in the structure of various side chains and additional rings. Steroids are common in both plants and animals. In humans, steroids are secreted by the ovaries and testes, the adrenal cortex† ("Steroids." 1-1). Moreover, the chemical substances that are produced in the human body in order to control the metabolism are known as hormones. The hormones act as a courier that controls the actions of the body by sending messages to the body tissues (LeVert 96). Similarly, steroids are also like hormones, they are substances prepared in the laboratory and are known as synthetic steroids that are used for the treatment of medical issues (Freedman 64). The hormones in males for example testosterones are responsible for the improvement of male distinctiveness such as facial hairs, intensifying male voices or bu lky muscles. Males produce large amount of testosterone that helps in enhancement of male features. Anabolic steroids are also derived from male sex hormones testosterones. In addition, steroids are used by many health professionals for the treatment of several diseases but these steroids can be availed only by the medical prescription (Freedman 64). These are the natural steroids produced in the human body by a gland known as the adrenal cortex.

The Goddess of Chastity Essay Example for Free

The Goddess of Chastity Essay Explore the social and historical context through Shakespeares stagecraft in A Midsummer Nights Dream. To explore the social and historical context in William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream the features of the play will be analysed, such a: the different characters dialogue compared to their social class, the connections to Greek and Roman mythology, Elizabethan beliefs and the many references to the moon. The play opens with characters from classic Greek mythology, Theseus who slain the Minotaur and Hippolyta Queen of the Amazons, who an Elizabethan audience would be familiar with as it was extensively studied in that era and the legends would be common knowledge among people so when the play begins the audience would instantly have had an understanding. But the opening would be questioned by the viewers because they would be wondering why they are marrying since they would be aware the couple are from different cultures. It is ironic that the queen of a race of woman who refuse to marry because they despises men is marrying; this is how Shakespeare immediately sets the genre of this performance as a humorous love story. Shakespeare would have been aware that many of the audience in a public performance would have only received a basic education and would be technically illiterate, so verbal communication was of greater significance and so they would be more perceptive in listening to patterns of verse and rhyme in characters language, and aware of imagery created throughout the play. To increase attentiveness the style of dialogue is varied. Theseus and Hippolyta are aristocracy and to express this Shakespeare used blank verse, this sophisticated style of communication makes the audience conscious of their high status. Their speech consists of iambic pentameter which contains five meters of two syllables, one stressed, one unstressed. This creates a rhythm that people listening can easily follow. In contrast, the Athenian workmen converse in regular prose, their speech isnt restricted by grammatical styles and their use of malapropisms, particularly by Bottom in an attempt of self-aggrandizement, suggests they are of a lower social status and lesser educated as snug says he is slow of study, although they probably were sent to school to get a basic education since they are tradesmen. In comparison, the fairies talk in rhyming couplets of AABB, as if they were casting a spell because they are mystical creatures associated with magic, they use more creative and poetic language to portray their majestic and magical nature. Also their speech is often filled with references to nature. Rhyming couplets appeal to a wide range of audiences because it is basic assonance they can effortlessly recognize and helps with the intake of meaning within the play. Identically the lovers in A Midsummer Nights Dream, Hermia and Lysander, also speak in rhyme but this characteristic of their conversations is unlike the fairies as Shakespeare uses it in a different context to show their love and affection for each other; Romeo and Juliet speak in a similar pattern combined to form a sonnet, the ultimate poetic expression of love in Shakespeares period. Romeo and Juliet and A Midsummer Nights Dream was written at roughly the same time as each other and this reflects in the similarities of the two plays. They are connected because in A Midsummer Nights Dream one of the three entwined plots is the workmens performance of the Babylonian legend of Pyramus and Thisbe from which story Shakespeare took inspiration to write Romeo and Juliet it could also be seen as a parody. They are also both love stories but the obvious difference is that A Midsummer Nights Dream is proposed as a comedy and Romeo and Juliet is presented as a tragedy. In the opening lines of Act I, Scene I, Theseus expresses his impatience towards the wait to marry Hippolyta: How slow this old moon wanes! She lingers my desires, like to a step-dame or a dowager long withering out a young mans revenue Time is passing slowly for Theseus, this is subjective, and because of his eagerness to marry Hippolyta to fulfil is desires on their wedding night. He is judging time by the passing phases of the moon that he refers to as a she, which suggests the moon represents Diana, the Goddess of Chastity; he blames her and thinks her lingering is deliberate in an attempt to maintain Hippolytas virginity as she does not approve of Theseus desires. Theseus compares his impatience in awaiting their marriage to the death of an old woman so he can get his inheritance. Hippolytas comparison is more romantic than Theseus: And then the moon, like to a silver bow new bent in heaven, shall behold the night of our solemnities. Shakespeare uses a simile and effectively compares the crescent moon, on which night the couple shall wed, to a silver bow and therefore connects their marriage to Cupid, the Roman God of Love. Shakespeare compares the moon to a silver bow, possibly because in these contexts the moon represents Diana who is often depicted as a hunter with a bow and arrows much like the amazons. The father and daughter relationship in A Midsummer Nights Dream between Egeus and Hermia is similar to that between Capulet and Juliet in Romeo and Juliet. The two plays both feature heroines subject to their fathers authority. Both relationships reflect the patriarchal society of Shakespeares era of which the father was head of the household and their word was regarded by the family as law. To Hermia her father should be as God so Hermias disobedience towards her fathers wishes for her to marry Demetrius would be unexpected and would shock and appal an Elizabethan audience as this is disrespectful to Egeus. Hermias and Juliets stubbornness would bring about dire consequences from their enraged fathers as both threatened harm to their daughters in the case of their defiance. The chastisements are harsh if Hermia does not obey: Either to die the death or to live a barren sister all your life, chanting faint hymns to the cold fruitless moon. There are options for Hermias fate if she refuses to marry Demetrius. She will legally be put to death, which suggests the severity of Hermias defiance, or to live as a sister i. e. a nun and take an oath of celibacy to renounce forever the society of men. Theseus mentions that she will be a slave to Diana, the Goddess of Virginity, praying in vein as Diana is cold and fruitless so will not listen or yield to Hermias desires; Hermia wants to marry Lysander but she has to marry Demetrius or no-one because Demetrius is her fathers choice. Capulet threatens to disown Juliet: Ill neer acknowledge thee, nor what is mine shall never do thee good Capulet judges Juliet as a traitor and is determined to get her to the church on Thursday as he says he will drag thee on a hurdle which was used for the executions of traitors, this emphasises the scale of the insult it would be if Juliet refuses to marry such a worthy gentleman as Paris, and this image of death relates to Hermias punishment.

Richard Wrights Black Boy: The Meaning of American Hunger :: Wright Black Boy Essays

Black Boy: The Meaning of American Hunger When a person thinks about hunger, food comes to mind. We never think of hunger as anything else. In Richard Wright's book titled "Black Boy (American Hunger)", a young boy faces many different types of hunger. He refers to the phrase "American Hunger" throughout his book. I feel that the "American Hunger" which he is referring to is the hunger to be considered an American and be treated as an equal. Throughout his life he was treated as if he were from another planet. He was always considered to be different, an outcast and a loser. He felt the need to be a part of the so-called American Culture. He wanted to be able to do what the white children did. He wanted to be able to go to school, to learn, to read, have friends, have a job; but because he was an African American he could not. This is what I will be discussing in this paper his intellectual hunger. Richard was so eager to learn that he kept constantly asking questions, and if his questions were left unanswered he would let his imagination take over.. He would try to find work in which he would be able to read some of the books. His family and relatives refused to let him learn. There is one incident in which his schoolteacher read to him. His grandmother got angry and said that reading was devils work. Through out his childhood he heard many terms and phrases. He never understood what they meant but once they were said he knew if they were good or bad. For example, when Richard was taking a bath and his grandmother came in to scrub his backside, Richard replied with, "When you get through, kiss back there." This is just one of the many phrases he said in which he did not know the meaning. Through his eagerness to learn he began to understand himself, other blacks, and whites better. He continues to learn and to play dumb for his own survival. His self education began when a co- worker lent Richard his library card to read Mencken's essays. He feels that his dreams and his stories in which he reads are an escape for him. He wants to fit in with others and be able to be apart of America.

HBS. Tristar

Rainbow Products and the paint-mixing machine A) The paint-mixing machine cost 35. 000 dollars, which is the initial cash outflow. The machine will generate additional cash inflows of 5. 000 dollars for the next 1 5 years. With cost of capital of 12% the Net Present value can be calculated using the NP formula in Excel: NP= – 945. 68 Data Description Rate $0. 12 935,000. 00 Investment $5,000. 00 scofflaws at the end of year $34,054. 32 NP $-945. 68Note that because the cash inflow is constantly reoccurring and occurs for a set period of time the Present value could also be calculated as an Annuity and then added to the initial cash outflow. Doing this calculation, one would expect the result to be the same. Internal Rate of Return, AIR, is the return on the investment when NP is zero. AIR can also be calculated using Excel: Because AIR is less than the cost of capital (12%) and the NP is negative, both methods suggest that undertaking the investment would destroy shareholders value, hush the investment should not be undertaken.The simple Payback period is when the initial investment is recovered, this will occur at the end of year 7, thus the payback period is 8 years. B) For an additional 500 dollars the machine can get service each year to â€Å"as-good-as- new' and the value of the investment can thus be calculated as a perpetuity. A Perpetuity is calculated as: Thus, NP = -35,000 + 37,500 = 2500 NP is positive with the service contract, so Rainbow Products should undertake the investment, as it will increase shareholder value.C) Rainbows engineers have another way of preserving and increasing the capability of the machine, which allows the annual scofflaws to increase by 4%, this requires reinvesting 20% of the annual scofflaws. The Present Value of an end-of-year perpetuity is calculated as: Thus, the NP = -35,000 + 50,000 = 15,000 As the NP of the investment in the machine with engineers added work is 12,500 dollars more than the NP of the investm ent in the machine with â€Å"as-good-as-new contract.

Commandment Relation to Christ-like Love Essay

The commandment I choose which displays three types of Christ-like love is the 8th commandment, â€Å"Thou shall not steal†. The first type of Christ-like love that the commandment â€Å"Thou shall not steal† displays is desiring what is the best for others. Stealing is something that is very wrong. For example, if someone is angry at someone, they might express their anger by stealing their belongings. This is not right. Someone can just approach the person they are angry at, and tell them how they feel about the situation. This is much better for others instead of stealing. The second type of Christ-like love that the commandment â€Å"Thou shall not steal† displays is that it is an emotion and decision. Stealing is a decision that is made when people go through various types of emotions. Some emotions include anger, frustration, mad, stressed, etc. When someone feels like this, they might feel like stealing someone’s belongings . By making the decision not to steal, it will make someone feel a different type of emotion. They will feel proud because they know that they are doing the right decision instead of doing something bad. Nevertheless, this is why the commandment â€Å"Thou shall not steal † is an emotion and decision. The third type of Christ-like love that the commandment â€Å"Thou shall not steal† displays is walking away from harm. Depending on what is stolen, it can be considered a crime. Nevertheless, anytime of stealing is wrong, no matter how valuable the item is. For example, if someone stole a top from The Gap store, it is considered a crime. In addition to this wrong crime, if someone steals a pencil from a teacher’s desk it is just as wrong. Even though the pencil isn’t as valuable as a top, any type of stealing causes harm. When walking away from this, it saves harm for both the stealer and the victim. Both people will not be involved in any type of stealing situation when showing the Christ-like love of walking away from harm.

Methyl Definition (Methyl Group)

Methyl Definition (Methyl Group) Methyl is a functional group derived from methane containing one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms, -CH3. In chemical formulas, it may be abbreviated as Me. While the methyl group is commonly found in larger organic molecules, methyl may exist on its own as an anion( CH3−), cation (CH3), or radical (CH3). However, methyl on its own is extremely reactive. The methyl group in a compound is typically the most stable functional group in the molecule. The term methyl was introduced around 1840 by French chemists Eugene Peligot and Jean-Baptiste Dumas from back formation of methylene. Methylene, in turn, was named from the Greek words methy, meaning wine, and hyle, for wood or patch of trees. Methyl alcohol roughly translates as alcohol made from a woody substance. Also Known As: (-CH3), methyl group Examples of Methyl Groups Examples of compounds containing the methyl group are methyl chloride, CH3Cl, and methyl alchohol or methanol, CH3OH.

Examples and Characteristics of Effective Analogies

Examples and Characteristics of Effective Analogies An  analogy  is a type of  composition  (or, more commonly, a  part  of an  essay  or  speech) in which one idea, process, or thing is explained by  comparing  it to something else. Extended  analogies are commonly used to make a complex process or idea easier to understand. One good analogy, said  American attorney Dudley Field Malone, is worth three hours discussion. Analogies prove nothing, that is true, wrote Sigmund Freud, but they can make one feel more at home. In this article, we examine the characteristics of effective analogies and consider the value of using analogies in our writing. An analogy is reasoning or explaining from parallel cases. Put another way, an analogy is a comparison between two different things in order to highlight some point of similarity. As Freud suggested, an analogy wont settle an argument, but a good one may help to clarify the issues. In the following example of an effective analogy, science writer Claudia Kalb relies on the computer to explain how our brains process memories: Some basic facts about memory are clear. Your short-term memory is like the RAM on a computer: it records the information in front of you right now. Some of what you experience seems to evaporatelike words that go missing when you turn off your computer without hitting SAVE. But other short-term memories go through a molecular process called consolidation: theyre downloaded onto the hard drive. These long-term memories, filled with past loves and losses and fears, stay dormant until you call them up.(To Pluck a Rooted Sorrow, Newsweek, April 27, 2009) Does this mean that human memory functions exactly like a computer in all ways? Certainly not. By its nature, an analogy offers a simplified view of an idea or process- an illustration rather than a detailed examination. Analogy and Metaphor Despite certain similarities, an analogy is not the same as a metaphor. As Bradford Stull observes in The Elements of Figurative Language (Longman, 2002), the analogy is a figure of language that expresses a set of like relationships among two sets of terms. In essence, the analogy does not claim total identification, which is the property of the metaphor. It claims a similarity of relationships. Comparison Contrast An analogy is not quite the same as comparison and contrast either, although both are methods of explanation that set things side by side. Writing in The Bedford Reader (Bedford/St. Martins, 2008), X.J. and Dorothy Kennedy explain the difference: You might show, in writing a comparison and contrast, how San Francisco is quite unlike Boston in history, climate, and predominant lifestyles, but like it in being a seaport and a city proud of its own (and neighboring) colleges. That isnt the way an analogy works. In an analogy, you yoke together two unlike things (eye and camera, the task of navigating a spacecraft and the task of sinking a putt), and all you care about is their major similarities. The most effective analogies are usually brief and to the point- developed in just a few sentences. That said, in the hands of a talented writer, an extended analogy can be illuminating. See, for example, Robert Benchleys comic analogy involving writing and ice skating in Advice to Writers. Argument From Analogy Whether it takes a few sentences or an entire essay to develop an analogy, we should be careful not to push it too far. As weve seen, just because two subjects have one or two points in common doesnt mean that they are the same in other respects as well. When Homer Simpson says to Bart, Son, a woman is a lot like a refrigerator, we can be fairly certain that a breakdown in logic will follow. And sure enough: Theyre about six feet tall, 300 pounds. They make ice, and . . . um . . . Oh, wait a minute. Actually, a woman is more like a beer. This sort of logical fallacy is called the argument from analogy or false analogy. Examples of Analogies Judge for yourself the effectiveness of each of these three analogies. Pupils are more like oysters than sausages. The job of teaching is not to stuff them and then seal them up, but to help them open and reveal the riches within. There are pearls in each of us, if only we knew how to cultivate them with ardor and persistence.( Sydney J. Harris, What True Education Should Do, 1964) Think of Wikipedias community of volunteer editors as a family of bunnies left to roam freely over an abundant green prairie. In early, fat times, their numbers grow geometrically. More bunnies consume more resources, though, and at some point, the prairie becomes depleted, and the population crashes.Instead of prairie grasses, Wikipedias natural resource is an emotion. Theres the rush of joy that you get the first time you make an edit to Wikipedia, and you realize that 330 million people are seeing it live, says Sue Gardner, Wikimedia Foundations executive director. In Wikipedias early days, every new addition to the site had a roughly equal chance of surviving editors scrutiny. Over time, though, a class system emerged; now revisions made by infrequent contributors are much likelier to be undone by à ©lite Wikipedians. Chi also notes the rise of wiki-lawyering: for your edits to stick, youve got to learn to cite the complex laws of Wikipedia in arguments with other editors. Toget her, these changes have created a community not very hospitable to newcomers. Chi says, People begin to wonder, Why should I contribute anymore?and suddenly, like rabbits out of food, Wikipedias population stops growing.(Farhad Manjoo, Where Wikipedia Ends. Time, Sep. 28, 2009) The great Argentine footballer, Diego Maradona, is not usually associated with the theory of monetary policy, Mervyn King explained to an audience in the City of London two years ago. But the players performance for Argentina against England in the 1986 World Cup perfectly summarized modern central banking, the Bank of Englands sport-loving governor added. Maradonas infamous hand of God goal, which should have been disallowed, reflected old-fashioned central banking, Mr. King said. It was full of mystique and he was lucky to get away with it. But the second goal, where Maradona beat five players before scoring, even though he ran in a straight line, was an example of the modern practice. How can you beat five players by running in a straight line? The answer is that the English defenders reacted to what they expected Maradona to do. . . . Monetary policy works in a similar way. Market interest rates react to what the central bank is expected to do.(Chris Giles, Alone Among Governors. Financial Times. Sep. 8-9, 2007) Finally, keep in mind Mark Nichters analogical observation: A good analogy is like a plow which can prepare a populations field of associations for the planting of a new idea (Anthropology and International Health, 1989).

How intermediate language students in the Uk are tought colloqiula Essay

How intermediate language students in the Uk are tought colloqiula Arabic - Essay Example How Many Languages do they know: - Two students being from a complete different background( Pakistan and Somalia) know English besides their native languages. -Two out of five English students, do not know or have command on any other language other then English. -Three out of five English students hold a firm grip on other languages as well. -They have flair of learning different languages. THE PURPOSE BEHIND LEARNING OF COLLOQUIAL ARABIC: - Two students from Pakistan and Somalia made it a religious need to have the better understanding of Arabic in order to have a sound grip on religion. -Four out of five English students showed that they were interested in learning Arabic because they have flair of learning different languages which would give them a better idea of understanding the Arabic culture as well as this would help them in understanding the better political scenario of middle-east. - One out of five English Students showed that the basic purpose behind learning Arabic wou ld help in getting a better job. It has been observed that Arabic is considered as one of the most important languages in the world as well as it has been set as an important official language in various international organizations around the world. OTHER ANALYSIS ON THE LEARNING PATTERN OF COLLOQUIAL ARABIC OF FIVE ENGLISH STUDENTS: - It has been found out that all these seven students have been studying and learning Arabic from last 2 years except for one who has been learning from 9 months. -Four out of seven students have never visited any Arab state whereas only three students have visited UAE and the Kingdom of Morocco for meeting relatives and found it imperative to know Arabic in order to know well about the Arab culture and civilization. -These results also made it clear the interests of these students very clear that how much they are interested in learning Arabic and to what extent they are willing to learn. Five out of two English students showed their interest in learni ng Arabic for speaking and writing purposes in order to get a job where this skill would help them to excel and progress in future. Whereas on the other hand, other two English students showed their interest in learning the Arabic for speaking purpose only which would help them in socializing with other people from the world particularly from Arab countries. Just one English student opted Arabic in order to read well the history of Middle Eastern countries. While the other two students want to learn Arabic for having better understanding of Quran and visiting other Arab countries. HOW MUCH TIME DO THEY GIVE IN IMPROVING THEIR COLLOQUIAL ARABIC AND WHAT IMPROVEMENT THEY NEED? -It has been found out from the group discussion that these seven students give a little time in improving their colloquial Arabic such as once a week or follow the standard timing as per set by the classes. - However, they still made it clear that they require more time in practicing the colloquial Arabic as it is not their native language and still they find it hard to use it on the regular basis outside their classrooms. They

Business Writing Class Members Respond to Postings Assignment

Business Writing Class Members Respond to Postings - Assignment Example Backing up any claims made using facts and statistics or visuals also help in assertive writing, therefore giving a reader confidence as to the accuracy of the information. Writing involves assertiveness rather than aggressiveness which is rude or passiveness which comes out as inaccurate/doubtful. I think that this is a good idea. An on-site daycare would also give assurance to the employee that their child is in safe hands since they will be close to them throughout the day. Offering learning opportunities and free health checkups is also an extra benefit to the employees. The daycare will eventually improve on the company’s productivity since employees will focus on their daily work knowing that their children are well taken care of. However, I feel as though a proper organizational review must be conducted before the commencement of this research. This is in order to know the demographics of the employees working there. For example, their age, marital status, number of kids and age of kids. By so doing the researcher is able to ascertain whether most employees are married, have kids and whether the kids are below 5 years old. Such a research may not be feasible in an organization where most employees are single, do not have kids or if they have children they are above 5 years old. A daycare may not be of help in such an organization and it may end up being a waste of resources. I absolutely concur with you, showing credibility is significant in a research. It is important that your work is supported by credible examples, illustration, visuals or even expert opinions and all these be properly cited as a reference.

Organizational resources and establishing competitive advantage Essay

Organizational resources and establishing competitive advantage - Essay Example On the other hand, it has been made clear that not all organizations are able to effectively develop their resources. Also, the continuous increase of competition in the global market is a factor that can negatively influence the efforts of organizations to improve their position in the market using their resources and capabilities. It seems that in the long term, the transformation of organizational resources into a competitive advantage has to be carefully managed since the challenges in the internal and the external organizational environment are likely to be many; as the conditions in the organizational environment become more hostile, under the influence of the global market pressures, the support that an organization has to provide to its resources has to be increased, otherwise their chances to become a competitive advantage are significantly reduced. At this point, the following issue appears: how an organization can secure that its resources will become, even in the long ter m, competitive advantage? It seems that such prospect cannot be considered as guaranteed, especially in industries where competition is high. This issue is further analyzed in the sections that follow using the literature published in this field. 2. Organizational resources and their use for the establishment of competitive advantage 2.1 How an organization can establish competitive advantage from its resources The identification of the exact characteristics of competitive advantage in modern organizations is a challenging task. Researchers and theorists have tried to identify the criteria under which organizational resources can become competitive advantage, but the results of their studies seem to be contradictory. Most commonly, emphasis is given on the balance between the firm’s strengths and weaknesses, as the specific relationship can also affect the firm’s opportunities and threats. The interaction of the above sectors in the context of organizational growth is reflected in the SWOT analysis framework. The above framework is based on the view that firms that are likely to emphasize on their internal strengths and control their weaknesses are more able to face environmental threats, a fact that can help them to develop competitive advantage towards their rivals (Barney 1995). However, the terms under which the specific effort would be successful should be further explored. Indeed, even if effectively organizing its internal environment and if it tries to avoid major market risks, a firm has still to face the threat of an unexpected downturn if there are no other strategic alternatives in place, as for example strategic alliances with other firms that control an important share of the relevant industry. On the other hand, Peteraf (2006) noted that there are certain conditions that can increase the potentials of an organization to develop a competitive advantage. These conditions could be described as follows: ‘superior resources (heter ogeneity within an industry), ex post limits to competition, imperfect resource mobility, and ex ante limits to competition’ (Peteraf 2006, p.179). It is assumed that organizations that seek to develop a competitive advantage should focus on the particular conditions. This view can be criticized as of the lack of explanations regarding the potentials of these conditions to exist in all

Efficacy of Herbal Shampoo and Pesticides for Head Lice

Efficacy of Herbal Shampoo and Pesticides for Head Lice Efficacy of herbal shampoo of Garcinia dulcis(Roxb.) Kurz ( Clusiaceae) compared with chemical pediculicides for head lice treatment in Thailand   Ã‚   Sirawut Sittichok1 and Mayura Soonwera1   Abstract Currently, alternative pediculicide from plant are need for head lice treatment because of chemical over-the -counter have lost in efficacy due to increasing resistance of head lice( Pediculus humanus capitis ) to chemical over-the-counter worldwide .As the result , this study was to assess the efficacy of herbal shampoo of Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz (Clusiaceae) compared with two chemical pediculides ( carbaryl shampoo ; Hafif shampoo ®; 0.6% w/v carbaryl and permethrin shampoo ; Scully Anti-Lice shampoo ®; 0.5% w/v permethrin) and baby shampoo (Care baby shampoo ®) for head lice treatment. In vitro study used the filter paper method with three doses of 0.002, 0.003 and 0.006 ml/cm2 of each treatment for assessing the toxicity of each treatment on mortality of nymph and adult of head ice. The results revealed that as the concentration of treatment increased from the doses of 0.002, 0.003 and 0.006 ml/cm2, the mortality rate of nymphs and adults of head liceincreased. Moreove r,the most pediculicidal activity was shown by the dose 0.006 ml/cm2 of G. dulcis shampoo at 10 min,showing 100% mortality of nymphs( LT50 value of 0.2 min and LC50 value of 0.00001 ml/cm2) and adults(LT50 value of 0.7 min and LC50 value of 0.001 ml/cm2). In addition, these results showed more effective on pediculicidal activity than carbaryl shampoo (LT50 values ranged from 6.3 to 10.1 min), permethrin shampoo (LT50 values ranged from 28.9 to 61.8 min) and baby shampoo (LT50 values ranged from 77.3 to 87.1 min). For the results of in vivo test showed that G. dulcis shampoo also exhibited 100 % of cure rate after the 2nd and 3rd treatments and these result was more effective for head lice treatment than two chemical pediculicides and baby shampoo( cure rate ranged from 0 to 96.7%). Consequently, the results of this study pointed that G. dulcis shampoo showed high potential for to be used as alternative pediculicide for head lice treatment of children in Thailand . Keywords: Pediculus humanus capitis, herbal shampoo, Garcinia dulcis , carbaryl shampoo, permethrin shampoo Corresponding author: M. Soonwera (à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ª) and S. Sittichok Introduction   Ã‚   Pediculosis capitis (head lice infestation), caused by the wingless insect, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculicidae), is one of the most ectoparasitic infestation of human worldwide and affecting mostly children with more than a million per year worldwide. However,Each year ,nearly five million of children and parent are newly infested ( pediculosis) with this ectoparasitic insect (Pilger et al., 2010 and Roberts, 2002). The some researchers reported that, an annual rate of 15 million infestation with head lice and cost of 150 US$ per treatment in the USA, the overall annual cost of head lice treatments are estimated to be US$ 2,250 million . In addition, over-the-counter pediculicides sales in the USA were estimated at >US$ 240 million per year in 1997 and increased to > US$ 350 million per year in 2003 (West , 2004). Furthermore, the American infested children are lost 12-24 million school days per year by No Nit Policy (the policy for infested schoolchildr en, before they can return to schools ,they to be free of nits ,nymphs and adults of head lice )( National Association of School Nurses,2016) . So, annual economic loss owing to missed workdays and schooldays by parents and infected children who have to stay home estimated of US$ 4-8 billion to the countrys economy (Ko and Elston, 2004 ; Leung et al.,2005). However, numerous case of head lice infestations has been reported throughout the world (Eroglu et al., 2016; Doroodgar et al., 2014). Generally , the neurotoxic insecticides (such as malathion, cabaryl, lindane, permethrin) used as pediculicides for head lice treatment worldwide and head lice resistance to neurotoxic pediculicides have occurred in several parts of the world. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016,Devore et al.,2015 and Devore and Schutze ,2015). The alternative pediculicides for head lice treatments are critical needed. However ,alternative pediculicides from plants or herbs have attracted a good pedi culicides to develop the new potion for head lice treatment, because of their low mammalian toxicity and save for children, mode of action that are not neurotoxic and the possibility that they will have a low potential for the development of head lice resistance (Rassami and Soonwera, 2013; Strycharz et al.,2014). In addition, Gallardo et al.(2012) and Toloza et al.(2006) reported the pediculicidal activities of essential oils from Geranium maculatum ( geranium) ,Myrcianthes cisplatensis ,Eucalyptus cinerea , Eucalyptus viminalis and Eucalyptus saligna .The lotions based on essential oils from lavender ,peppermint and eucalyptus exhibited pediculicidal properties( Audino et al.,2007).Moreover, herbal shampoos of Averrhoa bilimbi ,Clitoria ternatea,Myristica fragrans , Plectranthus amboincus, Tacca chantrieri, Zingiber cassumunar and Zanthoxylum limonella exhibited high pediculicidal activities ( Rassami and Soonwera,2013). The pediculosis among Thai preschool children(3-5 years old) and Thai primaryschool children(6-12 years old) ,especially the children in the rural area of Thailand were high level with more than 50% and normally the frist option for head lice treatment of them were chemical control. Unfortunately, mostly the chemical pediculicides in Thailand market are neurotoxic pediculicides ( such as pediculicides consist of lindane, malathion ,carbaryl and permethrin ) and several products have lost in efficacy due to increasing resistance of head lice to chemical pediculicides (Rassami and Soonwera, 2013). Moreover ,the high toxic effects of chemical pediculicides to children were recorded in several part of the world.The mode of action of chemical pediculicides to children were toxic to the childrens respiratory and nervous systems(Eisenhower and Farrington,2012). Consequently , the infested children in Thailand needed the effective and safety pedicilicides for head lice treatment, the aim of this study was to evaluate the pediculicidal activity of herbal shampoo from Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz (Clusiaceae) against head lice and compared pediculicidal activity with two chemical pediculicides (carbaryl shampoo (Hafif shampoo ®, 0.6% w/v carbaryl), permethrin shampoo (Scully Anti-Lice shampoo ®, 0.5% w/v permethrin)) and one baby shampoo (Care baby Shampoo ®) in vitro and in vivo test. In addition, G. dulcis plant is known as Maphutin Thailand.This plant specie is an edible plant and fruit and use asmedicinal plant in Thailand. All part of G. dulcis have long been used in traditional Thai medicines such as expectorant , antipyretic, antitoxic, anti-inflammatory and tonic. The mature fruit of G. dulcis also can be used for soft drink , jam or fruit paste (Fig.1, Deachathai et al., 2005 and Lim, 2011). For this reason, herbal shampoo from G. dulcis is the selected herbal shampoo in this study. We will hope that G. dulcis shampoo is the good , effective and safety he rbal product for to be used as alternative pediculicide for Thai infested children especially rural children in Thailand. Materials and Methods Collection of Garcinia dulcis fruits and herbal shampoo of Garcinia dulcis The leaves, flowers, raw and mature fruits of this plant were collected from Bangkok and Nakhonratchasima province (North-eastern part of Thailand),Thailand during May-June 2016 (Fig. 1) for identification by the taxonomist of Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkuts Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), Bangkok, Thailand. The extracts from mature fruits of Garcinia dulcis were used for herbal shampoo by medicinal plant scientist of Medicinal Plant Laboratory, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, KMITL. All herbal shampoo of Garcinia dulcis for this research was provided free of charge from Medicinal Plant Laboratory. Chemical shampoo and baby shampoo: Carbaryl shampoo (Hafif shampoo ®, 0.6% w/v carbaryl) : this chemical product was a common pediculicide in Thailand . This product was purchased from IDS Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Pathumthani province, Thailand and used as positive control. Permethrin shampoo (Scully shampoo ®, 0.5% w/v permethrin) ,It was the chemical product and usually used as pediculicide in Thailand. It was purchased from Sherwood Chemical Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Chacheangsao province, Thailand and used as positive control. Baby shampoo (Care baby shampoo ®) ,this baby shampoo was purchased from Colgate-Palmolive (Thailand) Ltd. 700/362, Bangna-Trad km57, Amphur Muang, Chonburi Province 20000, Thailand and used as negative control. Collection of head lice This study was approved by the Ethics committee of the Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkuts Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), Bangkok, Thailand ( 2559-01-04-013) and in collaboration with the directors and teachers of thee primary schools at Bangkok, Thailand. However, the 250 of schoolchildren were infested with head lice and to collaboration in this study. All head lice ( 3rd nymphs and adults) were collected by the anti-head lice combs from collaborating schoolchildren . Moreover, the protocol for head lice treatment of collaborating schoolchildren ,allowed using only the anti-head lice combs during 30 days.Afterward, nymphs and adults of head lice were separated by carefully removing them from teeth of the combs into clean insect boxes (18.023.0x5.5 cm) and were transported them to Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, KMITL, within 30 min. All nymph and adults of head lice were identification by Entomologist of our Faculty, as Pedic ulus humanus capitis De Geer (Pediculidae: Phthiraptera). The P.humanus capitis specimens to be used as the further reference specimens for further research and were kept in the museum of Faculty of Agricultural Technology , KMITL. Bioassay The bioassay used filter paper contact to evaluate the pediculicidal activity of four shampoos (G dulcis shampoo, carbaryl shampoo ,permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo) and the distrillation water( negative control) in vitro. This bioassay was adapted from Rssami and Soonwera( 2013) and Soonwera(2016) and 30 min after head lice collection,the bioassay was stared. The doses of 0.002 ,0.003 and 0.006 ml/cm2 of G. dulcis shampoo, carbaryl shampoo, permethrin shampoo, baby shampoo and distillation water ( negative control ) were applied to the filter paper (Whatman ® No1, 4.8 cm diameter) and after drying for 30 s, each filter paper was placed on the bottom of a petri dish (5.0 cm diameter). Afterward, selection under the stereomicroscope (Nikon ® Type 102) for the10 nymphs (the 3rd stage nymphs) or the adults of head lice and were placed them on each filter paper. The mortalities of nymphs or adults on each filter paper were recorded under dissecting stereomicroscope at 10, 30 and 60 min. In addition, the criteria for mortality of all head louse was defined as the complete absence of any vital signs from the external and the internal structures of head lice such as legs ,antennae ,digestive system, nervous system and muscular system with or without stimulation by micro-paintbrush (Rassami and Soonwera , 2013).The criteria for the pediculicidal activity was adapted from Sonwera(2016) was defined as the LT50 value of treatement was less than 1.0 min. All treatments were replicated 10 times. The mortality data was statistic analyzed with Duncans multiple range test (DMRT) using SPSS for windows version 16.0. The LT50 and LC50 values were calculated by Probit analysis. In vivo test, The total number of 120 infested (pediculosis) schoolchildren between the ages 5 to 12 years from three primary schools in Ladkrabang district, Bangkok, Thailand were selected to participate in the experiment. In addition, the criteria for pediculosis was defined as the presence of at least on the alive egg or nit (alive nit was within 0.5-1.0cm of hair from the scalp and tan to coffee colour with an intact operculum) , the living nymph or the living adult. All infested schoolchildren in this study allowed using only the anti-head lice comb for head lice treatment and during the experimental period, they had not been treated head lice with any chemical pediculicides or any herbal shampoos. The 120 infested schoolchildren were randomly and separated into four groups (10 schoolchildren per group per school).However, all treatment was replicated three times, as follows; Group 1 treated with G. dulcis shampoo Group 2 treated with carbaryl shampoo (Hafif shampoo ®, 0.6% w/v carbaryl) Group 3 treated with permethrin shampoo (Scully shampoo ®, 0.5% w/v permethrin) Group 4 treated with baby shampoo (Care baby shampoo ®) However, all infested schoolchildren in the groups were treated with G. dulcis shampoo, carbaryl shampoo, permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo by applying 20 ml of each shampoo to a wet hair and scalp per head for 5 min and then rinsed off with the clean water. The cure rate (no pediculosis) was recorded of 1 day after the 1st application . In addition , the second application was started 1 day after the first application for the infested schoolchildren (pidiculosis)in the groups ,after the first application.They were treated with the tested shampoos for cured and recorded the cure rate . The third application was started 1 day after the second application, the infested schoolchildren( pediculosis) in the groups ( after the 2nd application) were treated with the tested shampoos for cured and recorded the cure rate . In addition , the criteria for cure rate was defined as the complete absence of the alive nit, the living nymph and the living adult of head lice on hair and scalp of scho olchildren and criteria for pediculicide was defined as 100% of cure rate. Results The efficacy of four tested shampoos ( G. dulcis shampoo, carbaryl shampoo, permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo) on mortality of 3rd stage nymphs of P. humanus capitis as shown in Table 1 . The most effective in pediculicide was shown by the 0.006 ml/cm2 of G. dulcis shampoo caused 100% mortality of nymphs at 10 min, LT50 value of 0.2 min and LC50 value of 0.00001 ml/cm2 . Moreover , this results exhibited significant in pediculicide (LT50value less than 1.0 min) over carbaryl shampoo ( 82.0% mortality,LT50value of 6.3min) ,permethrin shampoo( 42.0%mortality ,LT50value of28.9 min) and baby shampoo ( 35.0% mortality ,LT50 value of 77.3 min). However, at the dose of 0.003 ml/cm2 revealed that G. dulcis shampoo caused 100% mortality at 30 min and LT50 values ranged from 2.2 min , followed by carbaryl shampoo , permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo with 78.0 , 48.0 and 39.0 % mortality and LT50 values of 8.2 , 55.8 and 79.2 min ,respectively. At the dose of 0.002 ml/cm2, G. dulcis shampoo exhibited 100% mortality at 30 min and LT50 value of 3.7 min followed by carbaryl shampoo , permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo with 77.0 , 44.0 and 37.0% mortality and LT50 values of 9.1 , 58.5 and 87.1 min , respectively. However , based on the LC50 values indicated the order of the effective in pediulicide of tested shampoo as G. dulcis shampoo ( 0.00001 ml/cm2) > carbaryl shampoo( 0.002ml/cm2) > permethrin shampoo ( 0.1ml/cm2) > baby shampoo( 1.8 ml/cm2). However , no mortality of all nymph at all dose in distillation water group was observed ,so distillation water was nontoxic to all nymphs during the testing time The results of in vitro test of P. humanus capitis adults as shown in Table 2 and Fig. 3. At the dose 0.006 ml/cm2 of G. dulcis shampoo was the most toxic to head lice adults with 100% mortality at 10.0 min, LT50 value of 0.7 min , followed by carbaryl shampoo , permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo with72.0 , 41.0 and 32.0 % mortality and LT50 values of 6.7 , 35.2 and 79.6 min, respectively . Moreover, the mortality results of head lice adults of G. dulcis shampoo showed significant pediculicidal activity (LT50 50 values ranged from 6.7 to 35.2 min) and baby shampoo (LT50 value of 79.6 min). At dose of 0.003 ml/cm2 revealed that of G. dulcis shampoo also showed the most toxic to head lice adults with 100% mortality at 60 min and LT50 value of 3.3 min , followed by carbaryl shampoo , permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo with77.0 , 60.0 and 41.0 % mortality and LT50 values of 9.5 , 38.5 and 80.6 min, respectively . In addition , G. dulcis shampoo at the dose of 0.02 ml/cm2 caused 84.0 % mortality of head lice adults at 60 min and LT50value of 4.4 min ,followed by carbaryl shampoo , permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo with70.0 , 50.0 and 31.0 % mortality and LT50 values of 10.1 , 61.8 and 87.6 min, respectively. Moreover, based on LC50 value pointed that of G. dulcis shampoo was the highest effective in pediculicide to head lice adults showing LC50 value of 0.001ml/cm2, followed by carbaryl shampoo (0.002 ml/cm2), permethrin shampoo (0.2 ml/cm2) and baby shampoo ( 2.2 ml/cm2) ,respectively. Meanwhile , no mortality of adults were observed in distillation water( negative control). All adults in negative control survived and normality throughout the testing periods.In addition, statistical analysis of head lice nymphs and adults showed significant differences between G. dulcis shampoo and two chemical shampoos( carbaryl shampoo and permethrin shampoo). In addition, nymphs(LT50 values 0.2 to 87.1 min) were more susceptibility to all tested shampoo than adults (with LT5 0 values 0.7 to 87.6 min). In vivo results as shown in Table 3 and Fig.2 ( the first application) , 4( the second application) and 5( the third application) , the results for the first application revealed that G. dulcis shampoo exhibited the highest cure rate(97.6%) and the lowest pediculosis(3.3%) ,followed by carbaryl shampoo and permethrin shampoo with the cure rate of 73.3 and 16.7 % and pediculosis of 26.7 and 83.3 % ,respectively. Meanwhile,Care baby shampoo ®as the negative control showed 0% of cure rate and Pediculusis of 100%(100% of schoolchildren still had head lice on the head ) after the first application. The results for the second application showed that G. dulcis shampoo also exhibited the highest of cure rate (100%) and 0% of pediculosis followed by carbaryl shampoo and permethrin shampoo showed cure rate of 83.3 and 23.3% and pediculosis of 16.7 and 76.7 %, respectively. However , 100% pediculosis of all schoolchildren were recorded in the Care baby shampoo ® treatment. Therefore, the Ca re baby shampoo ®( the negative control ) was not effective in pediculicide for head lice treatment. The results of the third application, G. dulcis shampoo also exhibited the most effective in pediculicide to head lice showing 100% of cure rate. Moreover, G. dulcis shampoo showed more effective in pediculicide( 100% of cure rate) than carbanyl shampoo ( 90.0% cure rate,10.0% pediculosis) and permethrin shampoo( 27.8% cure rate , 72.2% pediculicides). However,Care baby shampoo ® also showed nonpediculicidal activity with 100% of pediculosis in tested schoolchildren. All the result of this study pointed that G. dulcis shampoo was the highest efective pediculicide( 100% of cure rate,LT50 value less than 1.0 min) for controlling head lice. The G. dulcis shampoo exhibited more effective in pediculicide than carbaryl shampoo , permethrin shampoo and Care baby shampoo ®. In addition, after 1st, 2nd and 3rd applications, none of schoolchildren showed negative side effect such as the red spot of the scalp and neck, burning sensation or irritation of the scalp. Discussion Our data in this study, G. dulcis shampoo showed the highest toxic to nymph and adult of head lice with 100% mortality at 10 min, LT50 value 50 values ranged from 0.00001 to 0.001 ml/cm2, in vitro test. Moreover, this result showed more effective pediculicide than carbaryl shampoo (Hafif shampoo ®), permethrin shampoo (Scully shampoo ®) and baby shampoo (Care baby shampoo ®). In addition , in vivo test, G. dulcis shampoo also showed toxicity to head lice and was more effective pediculicide for head lice treatment than two chemical and baby shampoos with 100% cure rate after the second application. Meanwhile, two chemical shampoos showed the cure rate of 27.0-90.0% after the third application. However,Care baby shampoo ®as negative control in this research showed 0% of cure rate and 100% pediculosis( the tested schoolchildren still had head lice after the third application). In addition, baby shampoo cannot be used as pediculicide for head lice treatment of schoolchildren, it was a mild formulation to gently cleanse baby hair without sting babys eyes. As the result, baby shampoo is not suitable for controlling head lice. However, Rassami and Soonwera (2013) reported the high effective in pediculicide of herbal shampoos for head lice treatment of schoolchildren in Thailand such as herbal shampoos of Phyllanthus emblica (Euphorbiaceae) and Zanthoxylum limonella (Rutaceae) and Acorus calamus (Acoraceae) and the results for head lice treatments of all herbal shampoo were more effective in pediculicides than carbaryl and malathion shampoos. However, carbaryl shampoo (0.6% w/v carbaryl) in this study was a common pediculicide in Thailand market for head lice treatment. The toxicity of carbaryl shampoo to children ,after application of this chememical shampoo for head lice control also recorded in several parts of the world. Moreover, this chemical shampoo was the hazardous shampoo for infested children , especially the children less than 5 years of age and it high toxic to childrens nervous system(Eisenhower and Farrington,2012). Moreover, carbaryl pediculicide showed decreased efficacy against head lice and head lice resistance to carbaryl pediculicide has been reported in several countries such as Australia, UK and USA (Durand et al., 2012 and Eisenhower and Farrington,2012). Since 1995 In the UK, since 1995 carbaryl pediculicide has been available only on prescription, because of concerns about possible carcinogenic effect ( any substance that produces cancer). However,in the UK, 1% carbaryl product in aqueous formulation is still recommended for UK head lice guidelines (Durand et al., 2012). On the other side, permethrin shampoo (0.5% w/v permethrin; Scully shampoo ®) showed 30-75% mortality of nymphs and adults of head lice (LT50 values ranged from 28.9 to 61.8 min) in vitro test and exhibited 16.7-27.8% of cure rate (72.2-83.3% of pediculosis in schoolchildren ) in vivo test and these results were less pediculicidal activities than G. dulcis shampoo. Moreover, in this study, permethrin shampoo showed the low efficacy in pediculicide may be explained by nymphs , adults and nits of head lice were resistance to permethrin shampoo . However, permethrin shampoo is the common and preferred shampoo of Thai infested children especially for the urban children for head lice treatment , because permethrin shampoo exhibited a rapid effect in mortality of head lice. Unfortunately, the toxicity of permethrin shampoo to children and head lice resistance to permethrin shampoo were recored in serveral parts of the world . Moreover, permethrin shampoo was the neurotoxic product for children ,it showed high toxic to nerve cells of children. The side effect after treated with permethrin shampoo were the itching , rash and burning of the childrens scalp and corneal damage of childrens eyes (Allen and Cox, 2016 and Ko and Elston, 2004 ). However ,permethrin shampoo also toxic to the head lices nervous system , it destroyed the nerve cells of head lice , resulting in incapability and mortality of head lice (Eisenhower and Farrington, 2012 and Cute et al., 2008). However, pyrethroids products such as permethrin and D-phenothrin have been registered as pediculicides since the 1970s and have been widely common as over-the-counter pediculicides since the 1980s (Devore and Schutz,2015) .The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of USA approved permethrin pediculicide can be used in patients as young as 2 months of age and older and pregnant women ( American Academy of Pediatrics,2015). Consequently, caution should be used in patients with ragweed allergy, because respiratory difficulty or asthmatic episodes may occur with permethrin use in such patients (Devore et al.,2015 and Eisenhower and Farrington, 2012). Moreover, The clinical and parasitologic resistance to pyrethroids was first reported in France in a randomized controlled trial and followed by additional reports from Europe (Czech Republic, United Kingdom and Denmark), the Middle East (Israel), North (United States), and South (Argentina) America, Asia (Japan), and Australia ( Durand et al.2012, Ko and Elton,2004 and West,2004). However, G. dulcis shampoo showed the most effective pediculicide in vitro and in vivo in this study. The alternative pediciculicides from herbs such as neem exhibited high potential for head lice treatment ( Abdel-Ghaffar et al., 2016). In addition, herbal shampoo base on 10% of long pepper (Piper retrofactum) fruits of Acorus calamus, Phyllanthus emblica and Zanthoxylum limonella extracts showed highly effective pediculicides for head lice treatment of infested schoolchildren in Ladkrabang area, Bangkok, Thailand, and these results were more effective in pediculicide than carbaryl and permethrin shampooes ( Rassami and Soonwera,2013 ; Soonwera, 2016). However , Audino et al.(2007) reported the lotions containing essential oils from eucalyptus , peppermint and lavender showed more effective pediculicide than the commercial lotion in the Argentina market. Moreover, the commercial pediculicide products based on plants and herbs such as Licatack shampoo ® (extract of grapefruit), Aes culo Gel ® L (active compound noted Cocos nucifera oil), WashAway Laus shampoo ® (active compound noted neem extracts), Nopucid Bio Citrus ® (active compound noted bergamot essential oil), Paranix ® (active compound noted essential oils from coconut, anise, and ylang ylang), Puressntiel ® (active compound noted essential oils of lavender, clove, tea tree, geranium, vegetable oils of cocos, calophyllum, jojoba, sunflower, almond, ricin) showed high effectiveness against head lice (Abdel-Ghaffar et al., 2016 and Soonwera, 2016). However, G. dulcis is known as an Asian medicinal plant, belongs to the family Clusiaceae (Guttiferae) and is widely distributed in Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries (Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines (Deachathai et al., 2005 and Pinkaew et al., 2012).This plant is locally known as Maphuut in Thailand, Mundu in Indonesia and Malaysia. The G dulcis is an edidible plant and evergreen tree (size of 5 to 20 m high ,Fig 1). The fruit with ye llow and white latexes and fruit latexes were turns to lightly brown on exposure to the air. The bark is dark brown and rough and much branched. The leaves are large and leathery with dark green color and leaves are opposite, simple large, ovate, and oval to belong up to 10-30 cm long by 3-15 cm wide(Fig 1). The fruits are oblate to round and the diameter of fruit size of 5.5-8.5 cm (Fig.1). The fruit peels are smooth, green when immature and tuning yellow or yellow-dark when ripe and usually 1 fruit has 1 to 5 seeds . The fruit peel is thin and soft when ripe while the fresh is pulpy and yellow in color. However, soft yellow flesh has a butter-like consistency and slightly acidic but pleasant to eat. The raw fruit is too sour to be eaten but local Thai people used raw fruit of G. dulcis to improve the taste in sour and spicy soup, Thai curry , spicy soup , pickles and used mature fruits in jam ,butter or sherbert (Abu-Baker et al., 2015 and Lim, 2011). Furthermore,all part of G. du lcis has long been used in traditional Thai medicine to treat human diseases such as fever,cold ,antipyretic and detoxification (Deachathai et al., 2006 and Pinkaew et al., 2012). The stem bark has been used traditionally as anti-inflammatory agent and crushed extract from the bark is used for cleaning wounds while the fruit juice was used as expectorant for coughs, and scurvy. The extracts of G. dulcis roots are used for antipyretic, anti-toxic and detoxification (Deachathai et al., 2005; Lim, 2011 and Lamai et al., 2013). The traditional medicine of Indonesia have been used seeds and leaves of G. dulcis to treat human disase such as thyrocele , lymphatitis and parotitis and the extracts of G . dulcis fruits and leves to treat of anti-HIV activity , antiviral, ant-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor , anti-cancer and anti-oxidant (Abu-Bakar et al., 2015; Lamai et al., 2013; Hutadilox-Towatana et al., 2007; Pang et al., 2009; Pinkaew et al., 2012 and Tuansulong et al., 2011). However, G. dulcis is an edible plant in Thailand and also used as the medicinal plant in traditional Thai medicine and G.dulcis shampoo also exhibited the high effective in pediculicide to controlling head lice.Therefore, herbal shampoo from G. dulcis in this study is the effective and safe pediculicide and after application with G dulcis shampoo , the tested children were no-side effect such as the red spot or irritarion on the scalpes of the chidren.This herbal shampoo is suitable to be used as alternative herbal pediculicide for head lice treatment, especially for infested children in rural area of Thailand and may be the good and safe pediculicide for children of rural area of Southeast