Commandment Relation to Christ-like Love Essay

The commandment I choose which displays three types of Christ-like love is the 8th commandment, â€Å"Thou shall not steal†. The first type of Christ-like love that the commandment â€Å"Thou shall not steal† displays is desiring what is the best for others. Stealing is something that is very wrong. For example, if someone is angry at someone, they might express their anger by stealing their belongings. This is not right. Someone can just approach the person they are angry at, and tell them how they feel about the situation. This is much better for others instead of stealing. The second type of Christ-like love that the commandment â€Å"Thou shall not steal† displays is that it is an emotion and decision. Stealing is a decision that is made when people go through various types of emotions. Some emotions include anger, frustration, mad, stressed, etc. When someone feels like this, they might feel like stealing someone’s belongings . By making the decision not to steal, it will make someone feel a different type of emotion. They will feel proud because they know that they are doing the right decision instead of doing something bad. Nevertheless, this is why the commandment â€Å"Thou shall not steal † is an emotion and decision. The third type of Christ-like love that the commandment â€Å"Thou shall not steal† displays is walking away from harm. Depending on what is stolen, it can be considered a crime. Nevertheless, anytime of stealing is wrong, no matter how valuable the item is. For example, if someone stole a top from The Gap store, it is considered a crime. In addition to this wrong crime, if someone steals a pencil from a teacher’s desk it is just as wrong. Even though the pencil isn’t as valuable as a top, any type of stealing causes harm. When walking away from this, it saves harm for both the stealer and the victim. Both people will not be involved in any type of stealing situation when showing the Christ-like love of walking away from harm.

Methyl Definition (Methyl Group)

Methyl Definition (Methyl Group) Methyl is a functional group derived from methane containing one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms, -CH3. In chemical formulas, it may be abbreviated as Me. While the methyl group is commonly found in larger organic molecules, methyl may exist on its own as an anion( CH3−), cation (CH3), or radical (CH3). However, methyl on its own is extremely reactive. The methyl group in a compound is typically the most stable functional group in the molecule. The term methyl was introduced around 1840 by French chemists Eugene Peligot and Jean-Baptiste Dumas from back formation of methylene. Methylene, in turn, was named from the Greek words methy, meaning wine, and hyle, for wood or patch of trees. Methyl alcohol roughly translates as alcohol made from a woody substance. Also Known As: (-CH3), methyl group Examples of Methyl Groups Examples of compounds containing the methyl group are methyl chloride, CH3Cl, and methyl alchohol or methanol, CH3OH.

Examples and Characteristics of Effective Analogies

Examples and Characteristics of Effective Analogies An  analogy  is a type of  composition  (or, more commonly, a  part  of an  essay  or  speech) in which one idea, process, or thing is explained by  comparing  it to something else. Extended  analogies are commonly used to make a complex process or idea easier to understand. One good analogy, said  American attorney Dudley Field Malone, is worth three hours discussion. Analogies prove nothing, that is true, wrote Sigmund Freud, but they can make one feel more at home. In this article, we examine the characteristics of effective analogies and consider the value of using analogies in our writing. An analogy is reasoning or explaining from parallel cases. Put another way, an analogy is a comparison between two different things in order to highlight some point of similarity. As Freud suggested, an analogy wont settle an argument, but a good one may help to clarify the issues. In the following example of an effective analogy, science writer Claudia Kalb relies on the computer to explain how our brains process memories: Some basic facts about memory are clear. Your short-term memory is like the RAM on a computer: it records the information in front of you right now. Some of what you experience seems to evaporatelike words that go missing when you turn off your computer without hitting SAVE. But other short-term memories go through a molecular process called consolidation: theyre downloaded onto the hard drive. These long-term memories, filled with past loves and losses and fears, stay dormant until you call them up.(To Pluck a Rooted Sorrow, Newsweek, April 27, 2009) Does this mean that human memory functions exactly like a computer in all ways? Certainly not. By its nature, an analogy offers a simplified view of an idea or process- an illustration rather than a detailed examination. Analogy and Metaphor Despite certain similarities, an analogy is not the same as a metaphor. As Bradford Stull observes in The Elements of Figurative Language (Longman, 2002), the analogy is a figure of language that expresses a set of like relationships among two sets of terms. In essence, the analogy does not claim total identification, which is the property of the metaphor. It claims a similarity of relationships. Comparison Contrast An analogy is not quite the same as comparison and contrast either, although both are methods of explanation that set things side by side. Writing in The Bedford Reader (Bedford/St. Martins, 2008), X.J. and Dorothy Kennedy explain the difference: You might show, in writing a comparison and contrast, how San Francisco is quite unlike Boston in history, climate, and predominant lifestyles, but like it in being a seaport and a city proud of its own (and neighboring) colleges. That isnt the way an analogy works. In an analogy, you yoke together two unlike things (eye and camera, the task of navigating a spacecraft and the task of sinking a putt), and all you care about is their major similarities. The most effective analogies are usually brief and to the point- developed in just a few sentences. That said, in the hands of a talented writer, an extended analogy can be illuminating. See, for example, Robert Benchleys comic analogy involving writing and ice skating in Advice to Writers. Argument From Analogy Whether it takes a few sentences or an entire essay to develop an analogy, we should be careful not to push it too far. As weve seen, just because two subjects have one or two points in common doesnt mean that they are the same in other respects as well. When Homer Simpson says to Bart, Son, a woman is a lot like a refrigerator, we can be fairly certain that a breakdown in logic will follow. And sure enough: Theyre about six feet tall, 300 pounds. They make ice, and . . . um . . . Oh, wait a minute. Actually, a woman is more like a beer. This sort of logical fallacy is called the argument from analogy or false analogy. Examples of Analogies Judge for yourself the effectiveness of each of these three analogies. Pupils are more like oysters than sausages. The job of teaching is not to stuff them and then seal them up, but to help them open and reveal the riches within. There are pearls in each of us, if only we knew how to cultivate them with ardor and persistence.( Sydney J. Harris, What True Education Should Do, 1964) Think of Wikipedias community of volunteer editors as a family of bunnies left to roam freely over an abundant green prairie. In early, fat times, their numbers grow geometrically. More bunnies consume more resources, though, and at some point, the prairie becomes depleted, and the population crashes.Instead of prairie grasses, Wikipedias natural resource is an emotion. Theres the rush of joy that you get the first time you make an edit to Wikipedia, and you realize that 330 million people are seeing it live, says Sue Gardner, Wikimedia Foundations executive director. In Wikipedias early days, every new addition to the site had a roughly equal chance of surviving editors scrutiny. Over time, though, a class system emerged; now revisions made by infrequent contributors are much likelier to be undone by à ©lite Wikipedians. Chi also notes the rise of wiki-lawyering: for your edits to stick, youve got to learn to cite the complex laws of Wikipedia in arguments with other editors. Toget her, these changes have created a community not very hospitable to newcomers. Chi says, People begin to wonder, Why should I contribute anymore?and suddenly, like rabbits out of food, Wikipedias population stops growing.(Farhad Manjoo, Where Wikipedia Ends. Time, Sep. 28, 2009) The great Argentine footballer, Diego Maradona, is not usually associated with the theory of monetary policy, Mervyn King explained to an audience in the City of London two years ago. But the players performance for Argentina against England in the 1986 World Cup perfectly summarized modern central banking, the Bank of Englands sport-loving governor added. Maradonas infamous hand of God goal, which should have been disallowed, reflected old-fashioned central banking, Mr. King said. It was full of mystique and he was lucky to get away with it. But the second goal, where Maradona beat five players before scoring, even though he ran in a straight line, was an example of the modern practice. How can you beat five players by running in a straight line? The answer is that the English defenders reacted to what they expected Maradona to do. . . . Monetary policy works in a similar way. Market interest rates react to what the central bank is expected to do.(Chris Giles, Alone Among Governors. Financial Times. Sep. 8-9, 2007) Finally, keep in mind Mark Nichters analogical observation: A good analogy is like a plow which can prepare a populations field of associations for the planting of a new idea (Anthropology and International Health, 1989).

How intermediate language students in the Uk are tought colloqiula Essay

How intermediate language students in the Uk are tought colloqiula Arabic - Essay Example How Many Languages do they know: - Two students being from a complete different background( Pakistan and Somalia) know English besides their native languages. -Two out of five English students, do not know or have command on any other language other then English. -Three out of five English students hold a firm grip on other languages as well. -They have flair of learning different languages. THE PURPOSE BEHIND LEARNING OF COLLOQUIAL ARABIC: - Two students from Pakistan and Somalia made it a religious need to have the better understanding of Arabic in order to have a sound grip on religion. -Four out of five English students showed that they were interested in learning Arabic because they have flair of learning different languages which would give them a better idea of understanding the Arabic culture as well as this would help them in understanding the better political scenario of middle-east. - One out of five English Students showed that the basic purpose behind learning Arabic wou ld help in getting a better job. It has been observed that Arabic is considered as one of the most important languages in the world as well as it has been set as an important official language in various international organizations around the world. OTHER ANALYSIS ON THE LEARNING PATTERN OF COLLOQUIAL ARABIC OF FIVE ENGLISH STUDENTS: - It has been found out that all these seven students have been studying and learning Arabic from last 2 years except for one who has been learning from 9 months. -Four out of seven students have never visited any Arab state whereas only three students have visited UAE and the Kingdom of Morocco for meeting relatives and found it imperative to know Arabic in order to know well about the Arab culture and civilization. -These results also made it clear the interests of these students very clear that how much they are interested in learning Arabic and to what extent they are willing to learn. Five out of two English students showed their interest in learni ng Arabic for speaking and writing purposes in order to get a job where this skill would help them to excel and progress in future. Whereas on the other hand, other two English students showed their interest in learning the Arabic for speaking purpose only which would help them in socializing with other people from the world particularly from Arab countries. Just one English student opted Arabic in order to read well the history of Middle Eastern countries. While the other two students want to learn Arabic for having better understanding of Quran and visiting other Arab countries. HOW MUCH TIME DO THEY GIVE IN IMPROVING THEIR COLLOQUIAL ARABIC AND WHAT IMPROVEMENT THEY NEED? -It has been found out from the group discussion that these seven students give a little time in improving their colloquial Arabic such as once a week or follow the standard timing as per set by the classes. - However, they still made it clear that they require more time in practicing the colloquial Arabic as it is not their native language and still they find it hard to use it on the regular basis outside their classrooms. They

Business Writing Class Members Respond to Postings Assignment

Business Writing Class Members Respond to Postings - Assignment Example Backing up any claims made using facts and statistics or visuals also help in assertive writing, therefore giving a reader confidence as to the accuracy of the information. Writing involves assertiveness rather than aggressiveness which is rude or passiveness which comes out as inaccurate/doubtful. I think that this is a good idea. An on-site daycare would also give assurance to the employee that their child is in safe hands since they will be close to them throughout the day. Offering learning opportunities and free health checkups is also an extra benefit to the employees. The daycare will eventually improve on the company’s productivity since employees will focus on their daily work knowing that their children are well taken care of. However, I feel as though a proper organizational review must be conducted before the commencement of this research. This is in order to know the demographics of the employees working there. For example, their age, marital status, number of kids and age of kids. By so doing the researcher is able to ascertain whether most employees are married, have kids and whether the kids are below 5 years old. Such a research may not be feasible in an organization where most employees are single, do not have kids or if they have children they are above 5 years old. A daycare may not be of help in such an organization and it may end up being a waste of resources. I absolutely concur with you, showing credibility is significant in a research. It is important that your work is supported by credible examples, illustration, visuals or even expert opinions and all these be properly cited as a reference.

Organizational resources and establishing competitive advantage Essay

Organizational resources and establishing competitive advantage - Essay Example On the other hand, it has been made clear that not all organizations are able to effectively develop their resources. Also, the continuous increase of competition in the global market is a factor that can negatively influence the efforts of organizations to improve their position in the market using their resources and capabilities. It seems that in the long term, the transformation of organizational resources into a competitive advantage has to be carefully managed since the challenges in the internal and the external organizational environment are likely to be many; as the conditions in the organizational environment become more hostile, under the influence of the global market pressures, the support that an organization has to provide to its resources has to be increased, otherwise their chances to become a competitive advantage are significantly reduced. At this point, the following issue appears: how an organization can secure that its resources will become, even in the long ter m, competitive advantage? It seems that such prospect cannot be considered as guaranteed, especially in industries where competition is high. This issue is further analyzed in the sections that follow using the literature published in this field. 2. Organizational resources and their use for the establishment of competitive advantage 2.1 How an organization can establish competitive advantage from its resources The identification of the exact characteristics of competitive advantage in modern organizations is a challenging task. Researchers and theorists have tried to identify the criteria under which organizational resources can become competitive advantage, but the results of their studies seem to be contradictory. Most commonly, emphasis is given on the balance between the firm’s strengths and weaknesses, as the specific relationship can also affect the firm’s opportunities and threats. The interaction of the above sectors in the context of organizational growth is reflected in the SWOT analysis framework. The above framework is based on the view that firms that are likely to emphasize on their internal strengths and control their weaknesses are more able to face environmental threats, a fact that can help them to develop competitive advantage towards their rivals (Barney 1995). However, the terms under which the specific effort would be successful should be further explored. Indeed, even if effectively organizing its internal environment and if it tries to avoid major market risks, a firm has still to face the threat of an unexpected downturn if there are no other strategic alternatives in place, as for example strategic alliances with other firms that control an important share of the relevant industry. On the other hand, Peteraf (2006) noted that there are certain conditions that can increase the potentials of an organization to develop a competitive advantage. These conditions could be described as follows: ‘superior resources (heter ogeneity within an industry), ex post limits to competition, imperfect resource mobility, and ex ante limits to competition’ (Peteraf 2006, p.179). It is assumed that organizations that seek to develop a competitive advantage should focus on the particular conditions. This view can be criticized as of the lack of explanations regarding the potentials of these conditions to exist in all

Efficacy of Herbal Shampoo and Pesticides for Head Lice

Efficacy of Herbal Shampoo and Pesticides for Head Lice Efficacy of herbal shampoo of Garcinia dulcis(Roxb.) Kurz ( Clusiaceae) compared with chemical pediculicides for head lice treatment in Thailand   Ã‚   Sirawut Sittichok1 and Mayura Soonwera1   Abstract Currently, alternative pediculicide from plant are need for head lice treatment because of chemical over-the -counter have lost in efficacy due to increasing resistance of head lice( Pediculus humanus capitis ) to chemical over-the-counter worldwide .As the result , this study was to assess the efficacy of herbal shampoo of Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz (Clusiaceae) compared with two chemical pediculides ( carbaryl shampoo ; Hafif shampoo ®; 0.6% w/v carbaryl and permethrin shampoo ; Scully Anti-Lice shampoo ®; 0.5% w/v permethrin) and baby shampoo (Care baby shampoo ®) for head lice treatment. In vitro study used the filter paper method with three doses of 0.002, 0.003 and 0.006 ml/cm2 of each treatment for assessing the toxicity of each treatment on mortality of nymph and adult of head ice. The results revealed that as the concentration of treatment increased from the doses of 0.002, 0.003 and 0.006 ml/cm2, the mortality rate of nymphs and adults of head liceincreased. Moreove r,the most pediculicidal activity was shown by the dose 0.006 ml/cm2 of G. dulcis shampoo at 10 min,showing 100% mortality of nymphs( LT50 value of 0.2 min and LC50 value of 0.00001 ml/cm2) and adults(LT50 value of 0.7 min and LC50 value of 0.001 ml/cm2). In addition, these results showed more effective on pediculicidal activity than carbaryl shampoo (LT50 values ranged from 6.3 to 10.1 min), permethrin shampoo (LT50 values ranged from 28.9 to 61.8 min) and baby shampoo (LT50 values ranged from 77.3 to 87.1 min). For the results of in vivo test showed that G. dulcis shampoo also exhibited 100 % of cure rate after the 2nd and 3rd treatments and these result was more effective for head lice treatment than two chemical pediculicides and baby shampoo( cure rate ranged from 0 to 96.7%). Consequently, the results of this study pointed that G. dulcis shampoo showed high potential for to be used as alternative pediculicide for head lice treatment of children in Thailand . Keywords: Pediculus humanus capitis, herbal shampoo, Garcinia dulcis , carbaryl shampoo, permethrin shampoo Corresponding author: M. Soonwera (à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ª) and S. Sittichok Introduction   Ã‚   Pediculosis capitis (head lice infestation), caused by the wingless insect, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculicidae), is one of the most ectoparasitic infestation of human worldwide and affecting mostly children with more than a million per year worldwide. However,Each year ,nearly five million of children and parent are newly infested ( pediculosis) with this ectoparasitic insect (Pilger et al., 2010 and Roberts, 2002). The some researchers reported that, an annual rate of 15 million infestation with head lice and cost of 150 US$ per treatment in the USA, the overall annual cost of head lice treatments are estimated to be US$ 2,250 million . In addition, over-the-counter pediculicides sales in the USA were estimated at >US$ 240 million per year in 1997 and increased to > US$ 350 million per year in 2003 (West , 2004). Furthermore, the American infested children are lost 12-24 million school days per year by No Nit Policy (the policy for infested schoolchildr en, before they can return to schools ,they to be free of nits ,nymphs and adults of head lice )( National Association of School Nurses,2016) . So, annual economic loss owing to missed workdays and schooldays by parents and infected children who have to stay home estimated of US$ 4-8 billion to the countrys economy (Ko and Elston, 2004 ; Leung et al.,2005). However, numerous case of head lice infestations has been reported throughout the world (Eroglu et al., 2016; Doroodgar et al., 2014). Generally , the neurotoxic insecticides (such as malathion, cabaryl, lindane, permethrin) used as pediculicides for head lice treatment worldwide and head lice resistance to neurotoxic pediculicides have occurred in several parts of the world. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016,Devore et al.,2015 and Devore and Schutze ,2015). The alternative pediculicides for head lice treatments are critical needed. However ,alternative pediculicides from plants or herbs have attracted a good pedi culicides to develop the new potion for head lice treatment, because of their low mammalian toxicity and save for children, mode of action that are not neurotoxic and the possibility that they will have a low potential for the development of head lice resistance (Rassami and Soonwera, 2013; Strycharz et al.,2014). In addition, Gallardo et al.(2012) and Toloza et al.(2006) reported the pediculicidal activities of essential oils from Geranium maculatum ( geranium) ,Myrcianthes cisplatensis ,Eucalyptus cinerea , Eucalyptus viminalis and Eucalyptus saligna .The lotions based on essential oils from lavender ,peppermint and eucalyptus exhibited pediculicidal properties( Audino et al.,2007).Moreover, herbal shampoos of Averrhoa bilimbi ,Clitoria ternatea,Myristica fragrans , Plectranthus amboincus, Tacca chantrieri, Zingiber cassumunar and Zanthoxylum limonella exhibited high pediculicidal activities ( Rassami and Soonwera,2013). The pediculosis among Thai preschool children(3-5 years old) and Thai primaryschool children(6-12 years old) ,especially the children in the rural area of Thailand were high level with more than 50% and normally the frist option for head lice treatment of them were chemical control. Unfortunately, mostly the chemical pediculicides in Thailand market are neurotoxic pediculicides ( such as pediculicides consist of lindane, malathion ,carbaryl and permethrin ) and several products have lost in efficacy due to increasing resistance of head lice to chemical pediculicides (Rassami and Soonwera, 2013). Moreover ,the high toxic effects of chemical pediculicides to children were recorded in several part of the world.The mode of action of chemical pediculicides to children were toxic to the childrens respiratory and nervous systems(Eisenhower and Farrington,2012). Consequently , the infested children in Thailand needed the effective and safety pedicilicides for head lice treatment, the aim of this study was to evaluate the pediculicidal activity of herbal shampoo from Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz (Clusiaceae) against head lice and compared pediculicidal activity with two chemical pediculicides (carbaryl shampoo (Hafif shampoo ®, 0.6% w/v carbaryl), permethrin shampoo (Scully Anti-Lice shampoo ®, 0.5% w/v permethrin)) and one baby shampoo (Care baby Shampoo ®) in vitro and in vivo test. In addition, G. dulcis plant is known as Maphutin Thailand.This plant specie is an edible plant and fruit and use asmedicinal plant in Thailand. All part of G. dulcis have long been used in traditional Thai medicines such as expectorant , antipyretic, antitoxic, anti-inflammatory and tonic. The mature fruit of G. dulcis also can be used for soft drink , jam or fruit paste (Fig.1, Deachathai et al., 2005 and Lim, 2011). For this reason, herbal shampoo from G. dulcis is the selected herbal shampoo in this study. We will hope that G. dulcis shampoo is the good , effective and safety he rbal product for to be used as alternative pediculicide for Thai infested children especially rural children in Thailand. Materials and Methods Collection of Garcinia dulcis fruits and herbal shampoo of Garcinia dulcis The leaves, flowers, raw and mature fruits of this plant were collected from Bangkok and Nakhonratchasima province (North-eastern part of Thailand),Thailand during May-June 2016 (Fig. 1) for identification by the taxonomist of Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkuts Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), Bangkok, Thailand. The extracts from mature fruits of Garcinia dulcis were used for herbal shampoo by medicinal plant scientist of Medicinal Plant Laboratory, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, KMITL. All herbal shampoo of Garcinia dulcis for this research was provided free of charge from Medicinal Plant Laboratory. Chemical shampoo and baby shampoo: Carbaryl shampoo (Hafif shampoo ®, 0.6% w/v carbaryl) : this chemical product was a common pediculicide in Thailand . This product was purchased from IDS Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Pathumthani province, Thailand and used as positive control. Permethrin shampoo (Scully shampoo ®, 0.5% w/v permethrin) ,It was the chemical product and usually used as pediculicide in Thailand. It was purchased from Sherwood Chemical Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Chacheangsao province, Thailand and used as positive control. Baby shampoo (Care baby shampoo ®) ,this baby shampoo was purchased from Colgate-Palmolive (Thailand) Ltd. 700/362, Bangna-Trad km57, Amphur Muang, Chonburi Province 20000, Thailand and used as negative control. Collection of head lice This study was approved by the Ethics committee of the Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkuts Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), Bangkok, Thailand ( 2559-01-04-013) and in collaboration with the directors and teachers of thee primary schools at Bangkok, Thailand. However, the 250 of schoolchildren were infested with head lice and to collaboration in this study. All head lice ( 3rd nymphs and adults) were collected by the anti-head lice combs from collaborating schoolchildren . Moreover, the protocol for head lice treatment of collaborating schoolchildren ,allowed using only the anti-head lice combs during 30 days.Afterward, nymphs and adults of head lice were separated by carefully removing them from teeth of the combs into clean insect boxes (18.023.0x5.5 cm) and were transported them to Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, KMITL, within 30 min. All nymph and adults of head lice were identification by Entomologist of our Faculty, as Pedic ulus humanus capitis De Geer (Pediculidae: Phthiraptera). The P.humanus capitis specimens to be used as the further reference specimens for further research and were kept in the museum of Faculty of Agricultural Technology , KMITL. Bioassay The bioassay used filter paper contact to evaluate the pediculicidal activity of four shampoos (G dulcis shampoo, carbaryl shampoo ,permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo) and the distrillation water( negative control) in vitro. This bioassay was adapted from Rssami and Soonwera( 2013) and Soonwera(2016) and 30 min after head lice collection,the bioassay was stared. The doses of 0.002 ,0.003 and 0.006 ml/cm2 of G. dulcis shampoo, carbaryl shampoo, permethrin shampoo, baby shampoo and distillation water ( negative control ) were applied to the filter paper (Whatman ® No1, 4.8 cm diameter) and after drying for 30 s, each filter paper was placed on the bottom of a petri dish (5.0 cm diameter). Afterward, selection under the stereomicroscope (Nikon ® Type 102) for the10 nymphs (the 3rd stage nymphs) or the adults of head lice and were placed them on each filter paper. The mortalities of nymphs or adults on each filter paper were recorded under dissecting stereomicroscope at 10, 30 and 60 min. In addition, the criteria for mortality of all head louse was defined as the complete absence of any vital signs from the external and the internal structures of head lice such as legs ,antennae ,digestive system, nervous system and muscular system with or without stimulation by micro-paintbrush (Rassami and Soonwera , 2013).The criteria for the pediculicidal activity was adapted from Sonwera(2016) was defined as the LT50 value of treatement was less than 1.0 min. All treatments were replicated 10 times. The mortality data was statistic analyzed with Duncans multiple range test (DMRT) using SPSS for windows version 16.0. The LT50 and LC50 values were calculated by Probit analysis. In vivo test, The total number of 120 infested (pediculosis) schoolchildren between the ages 5 to 12 years from three primary schools in Ladkrabang district, Bangkok, Thailand were selected to participate in the experiment. In addition, the criteria for pediculosis was defined as the presence of at least on the alive egg or nit (alive nit was within 0.5-1.0cm of hair from the scalp and tan to coffee colour with an intact operculum) , the living nymph or the living adult. All infested schoolchildren in this study allowed using only the anti-head lice comb for head lice treatment and during the experimental period, they had not been treated head lice with any chemical pediculicides or any herbal shampoos. The 120 infested schoolchildren were randomly and separated into four groups (10 schoolchildren per group per school).However, all treatment was replicated three times, as follows; Group 1 treated with G. dulcis shampoo Group 2 treated with carbaryl shampoo (Hafif shampoo ®, 0.6% w/v carbaryl) Group 3 treated with permethrin shampoo (Scully shampoo ®, 0.5% w/v permethrin) Group 4 treated with baby shampoo (Care baby shampoo ®) However, all infested schoolchildren in the groups were treated with G. dulcis shampoo, carbaryl shampoo, permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo by applying 20 ml of each shampoo to a wet hair and scalp per head for 5 min and then rinsed off with the clean water. The cure rate (no pediculosis) was recorded of 1 day after the 1st application . In addition , the second application was started 1 day after the first application for the infested schoolchildren (pidiculosis)in the groups ,after the first application.They were treated with the tested shampoos for cured and recorded the cure rate . The third application was started 1 day after the second application, the infested schoolchildren( pediculosis) in the groups ( after the 2nd application) were treated with the tested shampoos for cured and recorded the cure rate . In addition , the criteria for cure rate was defined as the complete absence of the alive nit, the living nymph and the living adult of head lice on hair and scalp of scho olchildren and criteria for pediculicide was defined as 100% of cure rate. Results The efficacy of four tested shampoos ( G. dulcis shampoo, carbaryl shampoo, permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo) on mortality of 3rd stage nymphs of P. humanus capitis as shown in Table 1 . The most effective in pediculicide was shown by the 0.006 ml/cm2 of G. dulcis shampoo caused 100% mortality of nymphs at 10 min, LT50 value of 0.2 min and LC50 value of 0.00001 ml/cm2 . Moreover , this results exhibited significant in pediculicide (LT50value less than 1.0 min) over carbaryl shampoo ( 82.0% mortality,LT50value of 6.3min) ,permethrin shampoo( 42.0%mortality ,LT50value of28.9 min) and baby shampoo ( 35.0% mortality ,LT50 value of 77.3 min). However, at the dose of 0.003 ml/cm2 revealed that G. dulcis shampoo caused 100% mortality at 30 min and LT50 values ranged from 2.2 min , followed by carbaryl shampoo , permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo with 78.0 , 48.0 and 39.0 % mortality and LT50 values of 8.2 , 55.8 and 79.2 min ,respectively. At the dose of 0.002 ml/cm2, G. dulcis shampoo exhibited 100% mortality at 30 min and LT50 value of 3.7 min followed by carbaryl shampoo , permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo with 77.0 , 44.0 and 37.0% mortality and LT50 values of 9.1 , 58.5 and 87.1 min , respectively. However , based on the LC50 values indicated the order of the effective in pediulicide of tested shampoo as G. dulcis shampoo ( 0.00001 ml/cm2) > carbaryl shampoo( 0.002ml/cm2) > permethrin shampoo ( 0.1ml/cm2) > baby shampoo( 1.8 ml/cm2). However , no mortality of all nymph at all dose in distillation water group was observed ,so distillation water was nontoxic to all nymphs during the testing time The results of in vitro test of P. humanus capitis adults as shown in Table 2 and Fig. 3. At the dose 0.006 ml/cm2 of G. dulcis shampoo was the most toxic to head lice adults with 100% mortality at 10.0 min, LT50 value of 0.7 min , followed by carbaryl shampoo , permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo with72.0 , 41.0 and 32.0 % mortality and LT50 values of 6.7 , 35.2 and 79.6 min, respectively . Moreover, the mortality results of head lice adults of G. dulcis shampoo showed significant pediculicidal activity (LT50 50 values ranged from 6.7 to 35.2 min) and baby shampoo (LT50 value of 79.6 min). At dose of 0.003 ml/cm2 revealed that of G. dulcis shampoo also showed the most toxic to head lice adults with 100% mortality at 60 min and LT50 value of 3.3 min , followed by carbaryl shampoo , permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo with77.0 , 60.0 and 41.0 % mortality and LT50 values of 9.5 , 38.5 and 80.6 min, respectively . In addition , G. dulcis shampoo at the dose of 0.02 ml/cm2 caused 84.0 % mortality of head lice adults at 60 min and LT50value of 4.4 min ,followed by carbaryl shampoo , permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo with70.0 , 50.0 and 31.0 % mortality and LT50 values of 10.1 , 61.8 and 87.6 min, respectively. Moreover, based on LC50 value pointed that of G. dulcis shampoo was the highest effective in pediculicide to head lice adults showing LC50 value of 0.001ml/cm2, followed by carbaryl shampoo (0.002 ml/cm2), permethrin shampoo (0.2 ml/cm2) and baby shampoo ( 2.2 ml/cm2) ,respectively. Meanwhile , no mortality of adults were observed in distillation water( negative control). All adults in negative control survived and normality throughout the testing periods.In addition, statistical analysis of head lice nymphs and adults showed significant differences between G. dulcis shampoo and two chemical shampoos( carbaryl shampoo and permethrin shampoo). In addition, nymphs(LT50 values 0.2 to 87.1 min) were more susceptibility to all tested shampoo than adults (with LT5 0 values 0.7 to 87.6 min). In vivo results as shown in Table 3 and Fig.2 ( the first application) , 4( the second application) and 5( the third application) , the results for the first application revealed that G. dulcis shampoo exhibited the highest cure rate(97.6%) and the lowest pediculosis(3.3%) ,followed by carbaryl shampoo and permethrin shampoo with the cure rate of 73.3 and 16.7 % and pediculosis of 26.7 and 83.3 % ,respectively. Meanwhile,Care baby shampoo ®as the negative control showed 0% of cure rate and Pediculusis of 100%(100% of schoolchildren still had head lice on the head ) after the first application. The results for the second application showed that G. dulcis shampoo also exhibited the highest of cure rate (100%) and 0% of pediculosis followed by carbaryl shampoo and permethrin shampoo showed cure rate of 83.3 and 23.3% and pediculosis of 16.7 and 76.7 %, respectively. However , 100% pediculosis of all schoolchildren were recorded in the Care baby shampoo ® treatment. Therefore, the Ca re baby shampoo ®( the negative control ) was not effective in pediculicide for head lice treatment. The results of the third application, G. dulcis shampoo also exhibited the most effective in pediculicide to head lice showing 100% of cure rate. Moreover, G. dulcis shampoo showed more effective in pediculicide( 100% of cure rate) than carbanyl shampoo ( 90.0% cure rate,10.0% pediculosis) and permethrin shampoo( 27.8% cure rate , 72.2% pediculicides). However,Care baby shampoo ® also showed nonpediculicidal activity with 100% of pediculosis in tested schoolchildren. All the result of this study pointed that G. dulcis shampoo was the highest efective pediculicide( 100% of cure rate,LT50 value less than 1.0 min) for controlling head lice. The G. dulcis shampoo exhibited more effective in pediculicide than carbaryl shampoo , permethrin shampoo and Care baby shampoo ®. In addition, after 1st, 2nd and 3rd applications, none of schoolchildren showed negative side effect such as the red spot of the scalp and neck, burning sensation or irritation of the scalp. Discussion Our data in this study, G. dulcis shampoo showed the highest toxic to nymph and adult of head lice with 100% mortality at 10 min, LT50 value 50 values ranged from 0.00001 to 0.001 ml/cm2, in vitro test. Moreover, this result showed more effective pediculicide than carbaryl shampoo (Hafif shampoo ®), permethrin shampoo (Scully shampoo ®) and baby shampoo (Care baby shampoo ®). In addition , in vivo test, G. dulcis shampoo also showed toxicity to head lice and was more effective pediculicide for head lice treatment than two chemical and baby shampoos with 100% cure rate after the second application. Meanwhile, two chemical shampoos showed the cure rate of 27.0-90.0% after the third application. However,Care baby shampoo ®as negative control in this research showed 0% of cure rate and 100% pediculosis( the tested schoolchildren still had head lice after the third application). In addition, baby shampoo cannot be used as pediculicide for head lice treatment of schoolchildren, it was a mild formulation to gently cleanse baby hair without sting babys eyes. As the result, baby shampoo is not suitable for controlling head lice. However, Rassami and Soonwera (2013) reported the high effective in pediculicide of herbal shampoos for head lice treatment of schoolchildren in Thailand such as herbal shampoos of Phyllanthus emblica (Euphorbiaceae) and Zanthoxylum limonella (Rutaceae) and Acorus calamus (Acoraceae) and the results for head lice treatments of all herbal shampoo were more effective in pediculicides than carbaryl and malathion shampoos. However, carbaryl shampoo (0.6% w/v carbaryl) in this study was a common pediculicide in Thailand market for head lice treatment. The toxicity of carbaryl shampoo to children ,after application of this chememical shampoo for head lice control also recorded in several parts of the world. Moreover, this chemical shampoo was the hazardous shampoo for infested children , especially the children less than 5 years of age and it high toxic to childrens nervous system(Eisenhower and Farrington,2012). Moreover, carbaryl pediculicide showed decreased efficacy against head lice and head lice resistance to carbaryl pediculicide has been reported in several countries such as Australia, UK and USA (Durand et al., 2012 and Eisenhower and Farrington,2012). Since 1995 In the UK, since 1995 carbaryl pediculicide has been available only on prescription, because of concerns about possible carcinogenic effect ( any substance that produces cancer). However,in the UK, 1% carbaryl product in aqueous formulation is still recommended for UK head lice guidelines (Durand et al., 2012). On the other side, permethrin shampoo (0.5% w/v permethrin; Scully shampoo ®) showed 30-75% mortality of nymphs and adults of head lice (LT50 values ranged from 28.9 to 61.8 min) in vitro test and exhibited 16.7-27.8% of cure rate (72.2-83.3% of pediculosis in schoolchildren ) in vivo test and these results were less pediculicidal activities than G. dulcis shampoo. Moreover, in this study, permethrin shampoo showed the low efficacy in pediculicide may be explained by nymphs , adults and nits of head lice were resistance to permethrin shampoo . However, permethrin shampoo is the common and preferred shampoo of Thai infested children especially for the urban children for head lice treatment , because permethrin shampoo exhibited a rapid effect in mortality of head lice. Unfortunately, the toxicity of permethrin shampoo to children and head lice resistance to permethrin shampoo were recored in serveral parts of the world . Moreover, permethrin shampoo was the neurotoxic product for children ,it showed high toxic to nerve cells of children. The side effect after treated with permethrin shampoo were the itching , rash and burning of the childrens scalp and corneal damage of childrens eyes (Allen and Cox, 2016 and Ko and Elston, 2004 ). However ,permethrin shampoo also toxic to the head lices nervous system , it destroyed the nerve cells of head lice , resulting in incapability and mortality of head lice (Eisenhower and Farrington, 2012 and Cute et al., 2008). However, pyrethroids products such as permethrin and D-phenothrin have been registered as pediculicides since the 1970s and have been widely common as over-the-counter pediculicides since the 1980s (Devore and Schutz,2015) .The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of USA approved permethrin pediculicide can be used in patients as young as 2 months of age and older and pregnant women ( American Academy of Pediatrics,2015). Consequently, caution should be used in patients with ragweed allergy, because respiratory difficulty or asthmatic episodes may occur with permethrin use in such patients (Devore et al.,2015 and Eisenhower and Farrington, 2012). Moreover, The clinical and parasitologic resistance to pyrethroids was first reported in France in a randomized controlled trial and followed by additional reports from Europe (Czech Republic, United Kingdom and Denmark), the Middle East (Israel), North (United States), and South (Argentina) America, Asia (Japan), and Australia ( Durand et al.2012, Ko and Elton,2004 and West,2004). However, G. dulcis shampoo showed the most effective pediculicide in vitro and in vivo in this study. The alternative pediciculicides from herbs such as neem exhibited high potential for head lice treatment ( Abdel-Ghaffar et al., 2016). In addition, herbal shampoo base on 10% of long pepper (Piper retrofactum) fruits of Acorus calamus, Phyllanthus emblica and Zanthoxylum limonella extracts showed highly effective pediculicides for head lice treatment of infested schoolchildren in Ladkrabang area, Bangkok, Thailand, and these results were more effective in pediculicide than carbaryl and permethrin shampooes ( Rassami and Soonwera,2013 ; Soonwera, 2016). However , Audino et al.(2007) reported the lotions containing essential oils from eucalyptus , peppermint and lavender showed more effective pediculicide than the commercial lotion in the Argentina market. Moreover, the commercial pediculicide products based on plants and herbs such as Licatack shampoo ® (extract of grapefruit), Aes culo Gel ® L (active compound noted Cocos nucifera oil), WashAway Laus shampoo ® (active compound noted neem extracts), Nopucid Bio Citrus ® (active compound noted bergamot essential oil), Paranix ® (active compound noted essential oils from coconut, anise, and ylang ylang), Puressntiel ® (active compound noted essential oils of lavender, clove, tea tree, geranium, vegetable oils of cocos, calophyllum, jojoba, sunflower, almond, ricin) showed high effectiveness against head lice (Abdel-Ghaffar et al., 2016 and Soonwera, 2016). However, G. dulcis is known as an Asian medicinal plant, belongs to the family Clusiaceae (Guttiferae) and is widely distributed in Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries (Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines (Deachathai et al., 2005 and Pinkaew et al., 2012).This plant is locally known as Maphuut in Thailand, Mundu in Indonesia and Malaysia. The G dulcis is an edidible plant and evergreen tree (size of 5 to 20 m high ,Fig 1). The fruit with ye llow and white latexes and fruit latexes were turns to lightly brown on exposure to the air. The bark is dark brown and rough and much branched. The leaves are large and leathery with dark green color and leaves are opposite, simple large, ovate, and oval to belong up to 10-30 cm long by 3-15 cm wide(Fig 1). The fruits are oblate to round and the diameter of fruit size of 5.5-8.5 cm (Fig.1). The fruit peels are smooth, green when immature and tuning yellow or yellow-dark when ripe and usually 1 fruit has 1 to 5 seeds . The fruit peel is thin and soft when ripe while the fresh is pulpy and yellow in color. However, soft yellow flesh has a butter-like consistency and slightly acidic but pleasant to eat. The raw fruit is too sour to be eaten but local Thai people used raw fruit of G. dulcis to improve the taste in sour and spicy soup, Thai curry , spicy soup , pickles and used mature fruits in jam ,butter or sherbert (Abu-Baker et al., 2015 and Lim, 2011). Furthermore,all part of G. du lcis has long been used in traditional Thai medicine to treat human diseases such as fever,cold ,antipyretic and detoxification (Deachathai et al., 2006 and Pinkaew et al., 2012). The stem bark has been used traditionally as anti-inflammatory agent and crushed extract from the bark is used for cleaning wounds while the fruit juice was used as expectorant for coughs, and scurvy. The extracts of G. dulcis roots are used for antipyretic, anti-toxic and detoxification (Deachathai et al., 2005; Lim, 2011 and Lamai et al., 2013). The traditional medicine of Indonesia have been used seeds and leaves of G. dulcis to treat human disase such as thyrocele , lymphatitis and parotitis and the extracts of G . dulcis fruits and leves to treat of anti-HIV activity , antiviral, ant-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor , anti-cancer and anti-oxidant (Abu-Bakar et al., 2015; Lamai et al., 2013; Hutadilox-Towatana et al., 2007; Pang et al., 2009; Pinkaew et al., 2012 and Tuansulong et al., 2011). However, G. dulcis is an edible plant in Thailand and also used as the medicinal plant in traditional Thai medicine and G.dulcis shampoo also exhibited the high effective in pediculicide to controlling head lice.Therefore, herbal shampoo from G. dulcis in this study is the effective and safe pediculicide and after application with G dulcis shampoo , the tested children were no-side effect such as the red spot or irritarion on the scalpes of the chidren.This herbal shampoo is suitable to be used as alternative herbal pediculicide for head lice treatment, especially for infested children in rural area of Thailand and may be the good and safe pediculicide for children of rural area of Southeast